国内输送石油基、天然气橡胶软管采标情况分析

TSG 21-2016《固定式压力容器安全技术监察规程》对装卸软管的性能做出要求,但未明确给出相关检测采用的协调标准与引用标准.国内装卸液化石油气、天然气等软管主要采用橡胶软管,本文通过收集国内现行检测输送石油基、天然气橡胶软管的国际标准与国家标准,分析国内标准的采标情况,包括采标率、采标一致性程度、采标时效性,为检测...     

中国国际河流水资源利用立法略论

我国的国际河流数量众多，分布广泛。国际河流的利用主要分为国际河流的航行利用和国际河流的水资源利用2个方面。我国对国际河流的利用主要表现为对国际河流水资源的利用。完善我国国际河流水资源利用立法非常重要。它可以确保我国既充分、合理，又合法、有据地利用国际河流水资源，消除国际舆论中“中国水威胁论”的不良影响；缓解国内水资源日益紧张的局面；发展流域经济；保护当地生态环境。运用综合分析和实证研究的方法，对我国国际河流水资源利用立法情况和对外谈判进行探讨。检视我国国际河流水资源利用立法存在诸多问题。国际河流水资源利用立法理念不协调；国际河流水资源污染防治立法视野狭隘；双边或多边区域性专项水协定缺失等问题表现得尤为突出。应采取调整国际河流水资源利用立法理念；坚持“公平利用”原则，维护我国权益；健全双边或多边的区域性专项水协定体系；拓宽立法视野，兼顾国际河流水资源利用和保育；保护国际河流水环境等措施，规制国际河流水资源的利用。     

国际碳税方案的比较分析

碳税作为一种控制二氧化碳排放的经济手段受到许多学者的青睐,国外一些学者主张通过在国际层面实行碳税来实现全球二氧化碳减排的目标,并提出了不同的设计构想。但至今仍没有研究者对国际上的国际碳税提议进行系统的归纳。对已有国际碳税提议进行归纳和分析即成为本文的目的。本文将已有典型的国际碳税提议归纳成四种方案,即统一的国际税方案、有差异的国际税方案、统一的国内税方案和国内税+边境调节税方案,分别阐述了每种方案的内容和特征,并运用比较分析的方法从成本效益、公平性、参与广泛性及可操作性四个方面对所归纳的四种方案进行对比分析。通过分析得出,如果仅基于成本效益、公平性、参与广泛性及可操作性四个指标,前三种方案差别不大,但都明显优于第四种方案,因此第四种方案是最劣的。但如果考虑到方案实行的现实条件和推动力,最劣的第四种方案是短期内最可能实现的,并且,最优的国际碳税方案可能需由最劣的方案逐次演化而成,而难以直接实现。     

A view of the global conservation job market and how to succeed in it

The high demand for conservation work is creating a need for conservation‐focused training of scientists. Although many people with postsecondary degrees in biology are finding careers outside academia, many programs and mentors continue to prepare students to follow‐in‐the‐footsteps of their professors. Unfortunately, information regarding how to prepare for today's conservation‐based job market is limited in detail and scope. This problem is complicated by the differing needs of conservation organizations in both economically developed and developing regions worldwide. To help scientists identify the tools needed for conservation positions worldwide, we reviewed the current global conservation job market and identified skills required for success in careers in academia, government, nonprofit, and for‐profit organizations. We also interviewed conservation professionals across all conservation sectors. Positions in nonprofit organizations were the most abundant, whereas academic jobs were only 10% of the current job market. The most common skills required across sectors were a strong disciplinary background, followed by analytical and technical skills. Academic positions differed the most from other types of positions in that they emphasized teaching as a top skill. Nonacademic jobs emphasized the need for excellent written and oral communication, as well as project‐management experience. Furthermore, we found distinct differences across job locations. Positions in developing countries emphasized language and interpersonal skills, whereas positions in countries with advanced economies focused on publication history and technical skills. Our results were corroborated by the conservation professionals we interviewed. Based on our results, we compiled a nondefinitive list of conservation‐based training programs that are likely to provide training for the current job market. Using the results of this study, scientists may be better able to tailor their training to maximize success in the conservation job market. Similarly, institutions can apply this information to create educational programs that produce graduates primed for long‐term success.     

全球跨界水合作的时空结构：领域变迁与尺度分异

在当前全球性淡水危机加剧、水冲突频发的背景下,跨界水合作成为化解水危机,实现国家间和平可持续发展的关键。利用跨界水条约数据,基于网络视角,从全球尺度、区域尺度与国家尺度对跨界水合作的时空结构进行研究。结论如下：（1）1820—2017年全球跨界水合作持续增多,覆盖范围明显扩大,合作领域从边界与水量向联合管理与水质保护转变,合作目的由以规管性为主导向规管性、程序性和原生性并进转变。多边合作与跨界地下水合作是当前全球跨界水合作的发展趋势。（2）同一时期五大洲跨界水合作发展进程与侧重领域存在较大差异;尽管全球跨界水合作网络涵盖的流域与国家日益增多,但其流域覆盖率仍较低。（3）1820—2017年全球跨界水合作网络大致经历了“网络形成—网络扩张—网络分化”三个阶段;欧洲国家间的跨界水合作联系相对较强,亚洲国家在跨界水合作网络中也愈发活跃,区域性与全球性并存是当前跨界水合作网络的重要特征。伴随着亚洲国家日益增长的跨界水合作需求,中国应充分发挥负责任的发展中大国的作用,加强与周边国家的跨界水合作,不断提升自身在全球跨界水资源合作领域的地位。     

国际旅游组织介入背景下山岳型景区治理演化路径研究

景区治理是旅游研究的重要内容。伴随着全球一体化发展,国际旅游组织在景区治理中的地位和作用逐渐凸显。以路径创造理论为基础,综合运用文献分析、参与式观察和深度访谈等质性研究方法,以黄山风景区为例,构建了旅游发展的路径创造分析框架,探讨在国际旅游组织介入背景下,山岳型景区治理模式的演化过程及其影响。研究发现:（1）国际旅游组织介入改变了景区治理主体和治理结构,为黄山风景区治理创造了新的路径,也是推动其治理模式演化的重要力量。（2）从申报主体、作用路径、涉及范围、影响内容与介入成效等5个维度具体分析,黄山风景区加入国际旅游组织后经历了三次路径创造,并产生了明显的不同效应。（3）国际旅游组织介入对黄山风景区内部治理、毗邻社区参与治理经验输出三个方面均产生了显著的影响。     

CONFLICT AND COOPERATION OVER INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES: INDICATORS OF BASINS AT RISR1

ABSTRACT: In this paper we seek to identify historical indicators of international freshwater conflict and cooperation and to create a framework to identify and evaluate international river basins at potential risk for future conflict. We derived biophysical, socioeco‐nomic, and geopolitical variables at multiple spatial and temporal scales from GIS datasets of international basins and associated countries, and we tested these variables against a database of historical incidents of international water related cooperation and conflict from 1948 to 1999. International relations over freshwater resources were overwhelmingly cooperative and covered a wide range of issues, including water quantity, water quality, joint management, and hydropower. Conflictive relations tended to center on quantity and infrastructure. No single indicator—including climate, water stress, government type, and dependence on water for agriculture or energy—explained conflict/cooperation over water. Even indicators showing a significant correlation with water conflict, such as high population density, low per capita GDP, and overall unfriendly international relations, explained only a small percentage of data variability. The most promising sets of indicators for water conflict were those associated with rapid or extreme physical or institutional change within a basin (e.g., large dams or internationalization of a basin) and the key role of institutional mechanisms, such as freshwater treaties, in mitigating such conflict.     

提升我国城市化水平的重要意义和政策调整

我国的城市化水平落后于工业化水平，已成为制约我国经济与社会发展的重要因素。提升我国城市化水平，从经济上讲，具有如下重要意义：（1）有利于化解有效需求不足矛盾。（2）有利于带动相关产业增长和主人口增加。（3）有利于促进我国产业结构优化，提高经济运行质量。（4）有利于资源的综合利用和耕地保护。（5）有利于缩小城乡差距。提升我国城市化水平是我国新世纪的战略任务，必须进行相关的政策调整与选择。     

高职院校国际服务外包课程设计的探索——以中国环境管理干部学院为例

以中国环境管理干部学院为例，国际服务外包课程是在国际服务贸易和服务外包产业迅速发展的背景下设置的。通过对我国服务外包行业发展现状和人才需求特点的分析，对国际服务外包课程设置提出系统性、开放性、职业性、实践性的构想，以及调整专业结构、建立灵活人才培养模式、加强学生实习实训、利用现有资源和政策支持以及做好服务外包人才就业工作的相关措施，以确保高职院校国际服务外包课程设计的科学性与可行性。