IEC61511标准及在石化行业安全管理中的应用

功能安全的定量评定技术已成为确保石化行业安全生产的重要手段。针对石化行业普遍存在的功能安全问题,笔者以国际电工学会(IEC)专门制定的功能安全评定标准IEC61508及IEC61511为指导,介绍其标准制定的背景、目的、体系结构以及如何利用标准开展石化行业安全联锁系统(Safety Instrumented System,SIS)的安全与误跳车定量分析。通过对SIS开展定量安全评估,可发现联锁功能存在的安全不足与误跳车现象,对于提高我国石化行业安全生产水平具有重要的促进作用,标准中有关寿命周期功能安全管理方法及重要的工程经验也对提高我国石化安全生产水平具有借鉴作用。     

应对气候变化问题的法律调整机制

气候变化的不确定性决定对于其带来的不良环境影响也不能做出确切的预测。《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《京都议定书》及《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》的缔结和生效为各国一致行动提供了国际法上的依据。应当加强气候变化的科学研究，制定实施有效的政策法律措施，同时施加我国的大国影响，推动气候变化问题的国际解决进程。     

A review of WTO and environmental issues

Multiple negotiating rounds of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1947 have conferred economic benefits through liberalized international trade. A growing body of evidence also points to linkages between liberalized trade and damage to the global environment, ecology, and natural resource base. Ironically, the increased economic well-being conferred by trade liberalization ultimately provides the basis for improved environmental protection. It is the interim environmental damage due to trade liberalization that is controversial and needing amelioration. The proposition here is to promote further trade liberalization, but only as long as environmental ethics and sustainability issues are satisfactorily addressed. Trade liberalization should not be permitted at the expense of adequate environmental protection and sustainability. Future WTO rounds need to address both development benefits and environmental ethics issues in a net social welfare maximization setting.     

世界经济掀起绿色浪潮国际环保市场充满商机

本文介绍了发达国家绿色产业发展的现状及趋势,预示绿色产业在国际环保市场的领先潮流。我国要顺应这绿色潮流,提高我国环保产业在国际市场上的竞争力。     

A Review of WTO and Environmental Issues

Multiple negotiating rounds of the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World TradeOrganization (WTO) since 1947 have conferred economicbenefits through liberalized international trade. Agrowing body of evidence also points to linkagesbetween liberalized trade and damage to the globalenvironment, ecology, and natural resource base.Ironically, the increased economic well-beingconferred by trade liberalization ultimately providesthe basis for improved environmental protection. It isthe interim environmental damage due to tradeliberalization that is controversial and needingamelioration. The proposition here is to promotefurther trade liberalization, but only as long asenvironmental ethics and sustainability issues aresatisfactorily addressed. Trade liberalization shouldnot be permitted at the expense of adequateenvironmental protection and sustainability. FutureWTO rounds need to address both development benefitsand environmental ethics issues in a net socialwelfare maximization setting.     

清洁生产、生态工业和循环经济

清洁生产、生态工业和循环经济是当今环保战略的3个主要发展方向,三者有共同之处,又有各自明确的理论、实践和运行方式.笔者在对三者的内涵作了简单介绍之后,着重从理论上探讨环境管理延伸到企业、企业群落和国民经济一切相关领域的必然性和合理性,提出并论述了生态工业与循环经济的前提和本质是清洁生产,从优质资源、生态和环境总量保有量的角度探讨了循环经济对我国国际竞争力的重要性.      

Influences of Border Carbon Adjustments on China’s Foreign Trade

The EU, the United States and other economies, with the intention to implement unilateral trade measures Border Carbon Adjustments, impose emission reduction pressure on developing countries. Once implemented, the measures will have great impact on China’s foreign trade. Using the input-output table in 2007, this paper had analyzed the influences on China’s foreign trade as a whole and sub-sectors in three tax rates scenarios. The results showed that the tariff level of China’s exports will increase by 3.6%-6.3% if the tax was levied on exports embodied emissions, and by 1.0%-1.7% if levied on export direct emissions. In 2007, the former total amount of carbon tax was about US$42.6-73.0 billion, 4 times that of the latter. Based on export embodied emissions, sectors largely influenced were non-traditional energy intensive ones, such as textile, et al. These sectors should be encour-aged to carry out industrial upgrading, raising the value-added of export goods, and reducing their embodied emissions by reduction of energy intensity. Taking into account of the complexity of data collection, the tax levied on products direct emission is more operational. The results showed that the five top sectors most affected were other chemical materials, processing of petroleum and nuclear fuel, coking, smelting and rolling of ferrous metal and textile. Most of them were energy intensive sectors. Therefore, adjusting export products structure, and controlling too fast development of energy intensive industries are also important strategies in China.     

跨国农业土地权属交易及相关国际规则制定动向

持续的农业投资是确保世界粮食安全的根本措施。随着全球粮价走高,农业投资再次升温,与此伴随的跨国土地权属交易以及相应国际规则的制定问题成为全球粮食安全治理的重大问题。本文通过分析跨国农业土地权属交易现状和相关国际规则的制定动向来洞察跨国农业投资的最新动态,为中国参与国际农业经济活动提供参考依据。研究显示,在新一轮的农业投资热潮中,投资主体依然是美国、欧盟和日本等传统农业投资国,新兴国家的投资规模较小但却备受国际社会关注。新的投资活动中出现了一些侵害当地居民土地权属权利的现象,跨国农业土地权属交易面临诸多争议。为了促进农业投资的有序进行,以联合国粮农组织为核心的国际机构着力进行农业土地权属治理和交易规则的制定,并在经过长时间的国际磋商之后形成了《国家粮食安全范围内土地、渔业及森林权属负责任治理自愿准则》。另外一部相关规则《促进农业和粮食系统负责任投资原则》还在磋商之中。两套规则解决的是一个问题的两个方面,前一个针对的是国内土地权属治理的制度安排,后一个则针对具体的农业投资活动。其目标都是要强化发展中国家的土地权属治理,保护农民尤其是小规模农户的权属权利,以实现更为全面的粮食安全。新的土地权属交易国际规则的出台抬高了农业投资的准入门槛,但也为农业投资营造更为良好的制度和法律环境,降低农业投资的不确定性。在此背景下,中国农业企业"走出去"要做出适当调整,以顺应新的投资环境。     

论中国再生资源与国际大循环关联研究

中国制造和出口大国的地位,使得大量的资源随着产品流向国外,形成了资源外流的常态。原生资源的严重枯竭,更是雪上加霜,仅出不进,中国工业必然严重失血。另一方面,发达国家工业化起步早,经济发展速度快,生活消费长期处于高水平,因而消耗了大量资源,同时产生大量废弃物资。因此,积极开辟国际再生资源渠道,使再生资源产业走向国际大循环,有序开展进口再生资源园区运营,加强国际科技与智力合作,是新时期循环经济建设的需要。     

对外开放背景下中国粮食安全形势研判与战略选择

中美地缘政治竞争加剧,新冠肺炎疫情、极端天气气候等不确定性事件频发,依托两种资源两个市场的国家粮食安全策略面临新的挑战。结合统计数据与文献观点,分析了新时期中国粮食安全面临的主要问题,研究了农业开放保障粮食安全的主要效用,探索了扩大对外开放背景下我国粮食安全的保障思路。结果表明：（1）中国粮食安全取得了显著成就,但也存在粮食供应的经济与资源环境代价巨大、粮食稳定供应与获取的风险加大等问题,需要在开放条件下创新粮食安全实现路径。（2）农业对外开放可影响粮食供应、获取、利用与稳定性,当前对外开放促进了国家粮食供应,但尚未实现稳定的食物安全、有竞争力的食物安全。农业对外开放仍有广泛的互惠共赢基础,同时也面临更大的不确定性,考验我国粮食领域应对全球化“危”“机”的治理能力。（3）国家粮食安全治理对于保障粮食安全至关重要,建议采取凸显产能的粮食自给战略、全产业链的食物安全战略与高水平的农业对外开放战略,确保粮食安全落实落地。