区域环境健康问题调查的实施机制

环境健康调查实施机制的合理性直接决定了大型区域环境健康调查的执行效率和最终结果.鉴于区域环境健康问题调查涉及内容多学科、执行流程多环节、实施过程有交叉的复杂特点,围绕环境健康传导链特征解析的调查实质,就如何高效组织区域环境健康调查的参与人员和技术力量等实施机制问题进行了探索.在总结我国大型环境健康调查工作实施经验的基础上,提出所有环境健康问题调查人员分属作用分明的“四大功能”角色定位,以及区域环境健康问题调查的“九步运行”技术流程等相关论断.相关研究结果直接支持了若干大型环境与健康调查工作,为进一步丰富区域环境健康问题调查理论提供了借鉴.     

Facilitating biodiversity conservation through partnerships to achieve transformative outcomes

Conservation biology is a mission-driven discipline that must navigate a new relationship between conservation and science. Because conservation is a social and political as well as an ecological project, conservation biologists must practice interdisciplinarity and collaboration. In a comparative study of 7 cases (Jaguars in the Chaco, Grevy's zebra in Kenya, Beekeeping in Tanzania, Andean cats in Argentina, Jaguars in Mexico, Lobster fishing, and Black bears in Mexico), we examined motivations for collaboration in conservation, who can collaborate in conservation, and how conservation professionals can work well together. In 5 case studies, successful conservation outcomes were prioritized over livelihood benefits. In the other 2 cases, livelihoods were prioritized. All case studies employed participatory approaches. There were multiple external actors, including local and Indigenous communities, nongovernmental organizations, agencies, regional and national governments, and international organizations, which enhanced conservation and wider sustainability outcomes. Key collaboration aspects considered across the case studies were time (mismatch between relationship building and project schedules), trust required for meaningful partnerships, tools employed, and transformative potential for people, nature, and the discipline of conservation biology. We developed guidelines for successful collaboration, including long-term commitment, knowledge integration, multiscalar and plural approaches, cultivation of trust, appropriate engagement, evaluation, supporting students, and efforts for transformation.     

经济全球化对我国工业污染的影响

本文从定性描述和定量描述的角度，就外商投资和国际贸易对我国工业污染的影响进行分析。通过研究发现，从总体上看。外商投资和国际贸易对我国环境污染的影响不大，且有逐渐减缓的趋势。但就具体产业而言，外商投资确有转移污染的倾向，而且环境影响具有长期性和不确定性，所以，对外资和外贸必须进行严格的环境管理，以确保我国经济的持续、稳定发展。     

Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations. However, we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today’s science and technology. The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present. In this paper, the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators. The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value. Also, the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established. Generally, three aspects of climate justice can be derived. First, the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice. Second, the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change. Third, climate justice requires that any state follow the “no-harm principle,” which is regarded as an international customary rule. According to the principle, the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility, which incurs international punishment. Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice, including the approach of State Responsibility (SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law. Based on clear rules, the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility. The International Environmental Regulation (IEB), which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change, takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage. International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism (IEDSM), which includes the means such as consultations, negotiations, nonmandatory ways and international arbitration, international judicial ways to solve these disputes, functions as a procedural safeguard. As an active promoter of global climate governance, China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations, actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation, fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation, vigorously develop a low-carbon economy, and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.     

环境规制是否抑制了国际R&D溢出效应——以长江经济带为例

环境规制与技术进步转变方向的非一致性近年来受到较多关注,但学者们普遍忽视了开放经济条件下二者的关系。本文以1999~2013年长江经济带11个省市为研究样本,实证检验了环境规制对国际RD溢出效应的影响效果。研究表明:(1)环境规制强度和国际RD溢出水平呈现U型关系,即在长江经济带各省市,初始比较弱的环境规制强度抑制了国际技术溢出,但是随着环境规制强度的增加,国际RD溢出水平不断上升;(2)采用不同的环境规制方式会影响国际RD溢出和环境规制的U型关系,改变环境规制水平的拐点;(3)目前长江经济带各省市环境规制水平比较低,大多处于U型左侧。最后本文依据上述结论提出了相应的政策建议。     

States,coalitions, and the legalization of the global climate regime: negotiations on the post-2020 architecture

Why do some states and state coalitions, acting within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), support harder legalization of the global climate regime? In order to explain why, the effects of four causal factors are considered: climate vulnerability, the emission intensity of the national economy, a state’s power position, and socialization into climate norms. To identify the legalization positions of UNFCCC actors, an original content analysis is conducted of all the submission and meeting statements made at the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform during the years 2012–2015. Subsequently, a qualitative comparative analysis is carried out to find out which combinations of the causal factors offer a sufficient explanation for the analyzed outcome, leading to the identification of two causal pathways that lead states to endorse harder legalization of the climate regime.     

Urbanization in China Based on International Comparison： A Discussion with Two Prevalent Views

Two prevalent views are reviewed on China＇s urbanization firstly. Then, this article highlights the characteristics and pattern of urbanization in the world based on the quadrants map, using data of 118 countries or areas. The results indicate that the process of urbanization in the world excluding the data of China has slowed down gradually. A further exploration examines China＇s urbanization process and economic development over time, which reveals that both urbanization level and the level of economic development belong to the low-grade coordination pattern. The low level of urbanization is closely connected with the low level of economic development. Actually, China＇s urbanization gap appeared during 1985-1995, but it has been eliminating this urbanization gap since 1995 as a result of rapid urbanization growing. The complicated realities revealed in this analysis challenge the existing two prevalent views.     

中国国际河流水资源利用立法略论

我国的国际河流数量众多,分布广泛。国际河流的利用主要分为国际河流的航行利用和国际河流的水资源利用2个方面。我国对国际河流的利用主要表现为对国际河流水资源的利用。完善我国国际河流水资源利用立法非常重要。它可以确保我国既充分、合理,又合法、有据地利用国际河流水资源,消除国际舆论中“中国水威胁论”的不良影响;缓解国内水资源日益紧张的局面;发展流域经济;保护当地生态环境。运用综合分析和实证研究的方法,对我国国际河流水资源利用立法情况和对外谈判进行探讨。检视我国国际河流水资源利用立法存在诸多问题。国际河流水资源利用立法理念不协调;国际河流水资源污染防治立法视野狭隘;双边或多边区域性专项水协定缺失等问题表现得尤为突出。应采取调整国际河流水资源利用立法理念;坚持“公平利用”原则,维护我国权益;健全双边或多边的区域性专项水协定体系;拓宽立法视野,兼顾国际河流水资源利用和保育;保护国际河流水环境等措施,规制国际河流水资源的利用。     

Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process

The electrochemical reduction characteristics of carbon tetrachloride (CT) were investigated using cyclic voltammetry in this study. In addition, the difference in reduction mechanisms of CT between Master Builders' iron and the catalyzed Fe-Cu process was discussed. The results showed that CT was reduced directly on the surface of copper rather than by atomic hydrogen produced at the cathode in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The reduction was realized largely by atomic hydrogen in Master Builders' iron. The entire CT in 350 ml aqueous solution with 320 mgL was reduced to trichloromethane and dichloromethane in 2.25 h when 100 g of scrap iron with FeCu ratio of 10:1 (ww) were used. Moreover, the reduction rate slowed with time. CT could be reduced at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH from solution by Fe-Cu bimetallic media, but the mechanisms were di?erent. The degradation rate was not significantly in?uenced by pH in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process; in Master Builders' iron it clearly increased with decreasing pH. The kinetics of the reductions followed pseudo-first order in both cases. Furthermore, the reductions under acidic conditions proceeded faster than that under the neutral and alkaline conditions. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process was superior to Master Builders' iron in treating CT-containing water and this advantage was particularly noticeable under alkaline conditions. The reduction was investigated in the cathode (Cu) and anode (Fe) compartments respectively, the results showed that the direct reduction pathway played an important role in the reduction by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process is of practical value.     

京津冀一体化中河北省环境角色定位的构思

河北省的环境角色定位在于对外实现环境的自主性,对内实现环境的恢复和可持续性。而这一定位的难题是环境与经济如何兼得,具体来说就是河北省环境与自身经济、与京津发展、与一体化如何协调。破解经济与环境的博弈,河北省需要把握住自身的主体性,进而实现环境的自主性,规划一体化下的产业格局,促进产业结构的转型,发展低碳经济,最终实现发展模式的更新,而这一定位的最终实现则需要法制的落实和保障。