内分泌干扰素壬基酚对人THP-1巨噬细胞极化的影响

壬基酚(4-nonylphenol, NP)是一类典型的环境雌激素,能干扰机体正常免疫系统,对人类健康产生威胁.巨噬细胞是一类重要的免疫细胞,在调控组织稳态、炎症反应等方面发挥着重要作用,然而目前有关壬基酚对巨噬细胞极化和功能的影响尚不明确.本研究以人THP-1巨噬细胞为模型,采用不同浓度壬基酚(0、10、100 ng·mL^-1)处理THP-1巨噬细胞,考察壬基酚对THP-1巨噬细胞增殖、迁移能力以及极化的影响.结果发现壬基酚处理对THP-1巨噬细胞的增殖无明显影响,但能增加THP-1巨噬细胞的迁移能力.壬基酚处理能显著促进M2型巨噬细胞标志物CD163和CD206的表达,上调细胞因子IL-10、Arg1、TGF-b的表达,下调细胞因子IL-12、iNOS的表达.Western Blot结果显示壬基酚处理能促进雌激素受体(Estrogen Receptor, ER)信号下游ERK1/2的磷酸化,ER拮抗剂ICI182780则能够逆转壬基酚对ERK1/2磷酸化的促进作用,并下调M2型巨噬细胞标志物CD163、CD206,以及细胞因子IL-10、TGF-b、Arg1的表达.以上研究表明,壬基酚通过激活雌激素受体信号促进人THP-1巨噬细胞向M2型极化,从而干扰机体免疫系统的功能.     

Tracing the impact of stack configuration on interface resistances in reverse electrodialysis by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• RED performance and stack resistance were studied by EIS and LSV. • Interface resistance were discriminated from Ohmic resistance by EIS. • Impacts of spacer shadow effect and concentration polarization were analyzed. • Ionic short current reduced the power density for more cell pairs. • The results enabled to predict RED performance with different configurations. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging membrane-based technology for the production of renewable energy from mixing waters with different salinities. Herein, the impact of the stack configuration on the Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances as well as the performance of RED were systematically studied by using in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three different parameters (membrane type, number of cell pairs and spacer design) were controlled. The Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances were evaluated for RED stacks equipped with two types of commercial membranes (Type I and Type II) supplied by Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V: Type I Fuji membranes displayed higher Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances than Type II membranes, which was mainly attributed to the difference in fixed charge density. The output power of the stack was observed to decrease with the increasing number of cell pairs mainly due to the increase in ionic shortcut currents. With the reduction in spacer thickness from 750 to 200 µm, the permselectivity of membranes in the stack decreased from 0.86 to 0.79 whereas the energy efficiency losses increased from 31% to 49%. Overall, the output of the present study provides a basis for understanding the impact of stack design on internal losses during the scaling-up of RED.