采煤驱动下复杂井田含水层化学特征与水力联系辨识

通过分析复杂井田不同含水层的常规元素、微量元素、氘氧同位素与氚同位素的水化学特征来判断各含水层的水力联系,并分别建立了Piper识别图版、Durov识别图版、氘氧同位素识别图版,借此可以快速甄别矿井突水的来源.结果表明:研究区地下水主要为大气降水补给,第四系含水层与直罗组含水层存在显著联系,直罗组含水层与延安组存在有限的联系.利用各含水层不同岩性导致的水化学离子特征差异和氘氧同位素、氚同位素的示踪特性建立识别图版,可有助于快速识别补连塔矿区突水水源,并对不同含水层的突水事故提出针对性的解决措施.     

国际环境政策体制评估研究

从政策体制的认知、规范、管制、对象的行为调整和资源环境效应等方面对六个国际环境政策体制进行了初步评估.结果表明臭氧保护和欧洲大气污染防治政策取得了积极成效,国际海洋渔业和种子资源保育政策取得了一定的进展,而气候变化和生物多样性政策迄今停滞不前.因此,为推动国际环境政策体制的发展和优化,至少应深化资源环境问题及其解决方案的认识,强化国际社会的共识,综合运用适宜的管制措施并实践环境治理理念.     

微塑料与铅复合污染对玉米种子萌发与生长的影响

为探明微塑料和重金属复合污染对作物种子萌发与生长的影响,以玉米种子为对象,探究了铅(Pb)和3种微塑料[聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)]不同单一及复合浓度暴露对玉米种子萌发及其生长的影响.结果表明,Pb单一暴露对玉米种子发芽的抑制总体上随其浓度的升高而增强;与CK相比,500、 1 000和1 500 mg·L^-1PE暴露显著抑制玉米种子发芽,100 mg·L^-1和300 mg·L^-1暴露影响不显著(第5 d除外);所有PP浓度暴露均显著抑制玉米种子发芽;相比PP和PE,PVC单一暴露对玉米发芽抑制较轻.Pb和3种微塑料复合暴露均显著抑制玉米种子发芽,随着时间的增长,抑制逐渐减弱.玉米种子的发芽指数、发芽势和活力指数均随着Pb及3种微塑料单一暴露浓度升高而减小,且在Pb和PE复合暴露下较CK显著减小,但在Pb和PP、 Pb和PVC复合暴露下均无显著变化;3种微塑料中,PVC对玉米种子活力影响相对最轻.10 mg·L^-1Pb和100 mg·L^-1的3种微塑料单...     

基于风险矩阵的灾害演化网络定量分析方法

针对使用度值定性分析灾害演化网络的局限性问题,为了使灾害演化风险分析结果更准确,提出了一种将灾害演化网络与风险矩阵有机结合的分析方法.在分析灾害演化网络结构特征和风险组成的理论基础上,考虑节点自身风险水平和灾害演化系统的综合风险水平,基于可能性和后果严重程度两大因素引入风险矩阵法,对灾害节点风险水平进行量化分级,并通过...     

Changes in the reaction regime during low-temperature oxidation of coal in confined spaces

A study of the initial stage of the low-temperature oxidation of coal is important, not only for the prevention for fires in coal industry, but also in reducing emissions of hazardous gases. A batch reactor was introduced and a series of simulated experiments of coal oxidation was carried out in this paper. The time-dependent rates of CO emission and oxygen consumption during oxidation experiments of coal samples with different particle size ranges were obtained simultaneously from the measurements of CO and O₂ concentration in the reactor. The experimental results show that the rate of CO emission presents three stages in the duration of coal oxidation. Based on the rates of oxygen consumption, the reaction order and reaction rate were obtained from the reaction rate equation. These results indicate that the reaction regime switches during coal oxidation in confined spaces. The initial decrease of reaction rate is due to the decrease of the active sites in coal. While the decrease of reaction rate in the following period of coal oxidation is attributed to the reaction-inhibition mechanism of oxidation products. And it is mainly represented by the chemisorption sequence of coal oxidation. The oxidative activity of coal can be restored when the oxidation products are evacuated. A mechanism of low-temperature oxidation of coal in confined spaces was also suggested.     

Certification of Highly Complex Safety-Related Systems

The BIA has now 15 years of experience with the certification of complex electronic systems for safety-related applications in the machinery sector. Using the example of machining centres, this presentation will show the systematic procedure for verifying and validating control systems using Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and microcomputers for safety functions.

One section will describe the control structure of machining centres with control systems using “ integrated safety.” A diverse redundant architecture combined with crossmonitoring and forced dynamisation is explained. In the main section the steps of the systematic certification procedure are explained showing some results of the certification of drilling machines. Specification reviews, design reviews with test case specification, statistical analysis, and walk-throughs are the analytical measures in the testing process. Systematic tests based on the test case specification, Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) and environmental testing, and site acceptance tests on the machines are the testing measures for validation.

A complex software driven system is always undergoing modification. Most of the changes are not safety-relevant but this has to be proven. A systematic procedure for certifying software modifications is presented in the last section of the paper.     

喹啉降解菌的降解效果考察

为了探索石油污染土壤中含氮杂环化合物的降解情况,在考察石油污染土壤理化性质的基础上,选择喹啉作为目标污染物,采用选择性富集培养的方法,从45份石油污染土壤样品中,分离得到155株降解喹啉污染物的高效降解菌株,从中选择降解效率较高的2株喹啉降解菌命名为Q5和Q24,进行喹啉的降解性能研究,比较了单一优势菌株、人工复合菌群和土壤中的自然菌群对喹啉的降解情况。实验结果表明,石油污染土壤中自然菌群对喹啉的降解效果好于单一的优势菌株和人工复合菌群。     

节能减排—论复合碳素材料

复合碳素材料是基于清洁型煤工艺和碳素生产工艺特点发明的一项环保产品,其中的关键工序炭化生产工艺为国家创新技术,炭化工艺技术采用利用自身挥发分燃烧发热,环保、节能。试验表明,以焦粉为主要原料制备出的复合碳素材料能取代电石生产中广泛使用的高价、高质量的焦炭。该产品在电石生产中推广应用,可大大降低焦炭的使用量,减少能耗（节约国家粘结煤资源）,提高生产效率,降低生产成本;可改善生产环境,减少电石生产过程中的污染物排放。     

鸡粪高效降解菌群对堆肥的影响

为明确自行筛选开发的高效降解菌对鸡粪发酵的影响,分析研究了其堆肥的主要腐熟指标。结果表明,加入高效降解菌剂的堆肥处理方法温度相对较高,脱水快,pH值适宜,C／N调整较好,种子发芽指数高,堆肥后营养养分含量高,且大肠菌群数量少,堆肥效果较好。     

商业综合体中楼梯、自动扶梯和电梯多通道耦合疏散策略研究*

为选择最优疏散模式,提高商业综合体应急疏散效率,运用Pathfinder仿真软件,求解最优自动扶梯与楼梯双通道耦合模式,并探讨自动扶梯、楼梯与电梯多通道耦合疏散模式实效性。结果表明:自动扶梯与楼梯双通道耦合疏散模式中,自动扶梯双下行与楼梯耦合疏散模式疏散效果最好,疏散时间最短,总疏散时间465.95 s,比单一楼梯疏散模式缩短16.24%;自动扶梯、疏散楼梯与电梯多通道3重耦合疏散模式,比自动扶梯与楼梯双通道耦合疏散模式中最优组合方式疏散时间减少10.45 s,减少了2.24%;通过电梯疏散人数86人,占总疏散人数1.30%,表明电梯疏散效果提升不明显。研究结果可为紧急情况下自动扶梯反转时间确定以及密集场所应急预案编制提供理论参考。