1691—1692年陕西瘟疫发生原因初探

历史时期瘟疫的研究对现代瘟疫的防治具有重要的意义。本文选取陕西省为研究区域,在大量收集历史文献资料的基础上,初步考察了康熙三十至三十一年(1691—1692年)陕西瘟疫发生的情况,并着重分析了这次瘟疫爆发的相关原因。结果表明,干旱灾害、社会风俗、治疫政策等是瘟疫爆发的主要诱因。     

国外环境保护公众参与和社会监督法规现状、特征及其作用研究

对国外环保体系发达国家（包括欧盟、日本、美国）现行的环境保护公众参与和社会监督法规制度建设情况予以阐述和介绍,以期为中国环境保护公众参与和社会监督法规的完善提供借鉴.同时提出该体系的主要框架性特征,即充分保障公众环境知情权、落实环境参与权、完善诉讼权和补偿权,提出公众参与和社会监督的政策依据受到政府部门的高度重视,以法规形式固定下来,对公众参与积极性的提高具有较强的促进作用.     

秦岭山区农村社会空间演化研究——以陕西秦岭山区三县为例

社会空间是社会过程与空间过程的有机统一,把握山区农村社会空间的形成、演化,可以为通过空间规划推动乡村振兴提供新的切入点。在对陕西省太白县、柞水县、商州区三个秦岭山区县的农户进行入户调查、县乡调研和文献分析的基础上,采用统计占比分析和相关分析研究山区农村社会的特征,从结构角度分析社会空间的参与者、基本组成和演化类型三个方面的内容。结果表明：（1）在参与农村社会空间演化的过程中,政府的主导作用最为显著,乡村精英起着承上启下的作用,外部工商资本是新的推动力量,本地农民是农村社会空间生成的基质;（2）山区农村社会空间由物理空间、意愿—行动空间和制度空间三个层次有机结合、共同构成;（3）山区农村社会空间的演化过程可以分成生产、分离、转移、扩展、压缩和消亡等几种基本演变类型。通过空间规划中考虑营造植根于农村并能扩展的社会空间,引导山区农村社会在变革中向良性发展,可为乡村振兴战略的具体实施提供指导。     

社会经济发展对鞍山市环境质量影响分析

鞍山市作为中国的老工业基地,历史遗留环境问题较多,在新的历史条件下也面临着经济发展和环境保护双重问题。文章结合“十一五”期间鞍山市经济发展和环境质量状况,分析了鞍山市城市调整和社会发展等4个方面取得的环保成果,同时也客观分析了面临的环保问题,希望能对鞍山市“十二五”社会经济发展和环境保护提供参考性的建议。     

清代北京地区瘟疫流行的社会影响及政府应对

清代北京地区瘟疫反复流行,不仅导致人口大量死亡,还对政治制度、经济发展、城市建设、民众信仰产生重大影响.瘟疫流行期间,清政府拨付专款,设局施药施棺进行直接救治.同时,还注意安置解决来京流民饥民问题,对控制疫情的蔓延起了重要的作用.此外,基于传统天象示警的观念,统治者还通过重清理刑狱和征求直言的方式挽回天意,达到消除瘟疫...     

基于文本挖掘的煤矿安全隐患分析

为充分有效利用煤矿安全隐患数据,揭示安全隐患数据中隐藏的重要信息和潜在规律,用于指导安全管理实践,在对安全隐患数据进行预处理的基础上,利用词云和词频统计方法展现安全隐患概况,运用文本挖掘技术和社会网络分析方法研究煤矿安全隐患信息的关联关系和分布规律。结果表明,将文本挖掘技术和社会网络分析方法应用于文本型安全隐患数据分析具有可行性,有助于煤矿企业提高对安全隐患数据的认知并制定合理的安全隐患治理措施。     

黄泛区农民思想观念的近代嬗变——以1938～1952年间的扶沟、西华县乡村为中心

黄泛区农民在经历常年的灾荒打击后,其思想观念中某些方面的传统和变异也得到充分的体现,安土重迁的乡土观念在黄河泛滥前主要表现为黄泛区农民"候鸟"式的生活方式:长期季节性的在家乡与外地之间往返流动.黄河泛滥后又与之前有不同之处:农民流动群体扩大、不同时期流动群体的年龄差异、返乡时间的延长、在外地定居等等特点;宗族观念突破了传统的牢笼,呈现出逐渐淡漠的趋势;礼俗观念表现为"量变"基础上的传承和不可预见的突发性质变;黄泛区农民的恐慌心理也经历了由严重-稳定-淡化的转变过程,这又影响着黄泛区农民不同时期的生存行为.     

Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests

Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social–ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social‐ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one‐third were endemic. Fifty‐eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best‐fit structural equation model (R² = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience—local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity—had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash‐crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.     

Incorporating Social Context Variables Into Paired Watershed Designs to Test Nonpoint Source Program Effectiveness1

Prokopy, Linda Stalker, Z. Asligül Göçmen, Jing Gao, Shorna Broussard Allred, Joseph E. Bonnell, Kenneth Genskow, Alicia Molloy, and Rebecca Power, 2011. Incorporating Social Context Variables Into Paired Watershed Designs to Test Nonpoint Source Program Effectiveness. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):196‐202. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00508.x Abstract: In a traditional paired watershed study, watersheds are selected to be as similar as possible so that conclusions may be drawn about the performance of Best Management Practices. We have extended the paired watershed concept to examine the effectiveness of watershed management programs by adding comparative criteria for social characteristics. For four different 8 or 11/12 digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) watersheds in the Midwest, we have piloted a systematic method for selecting paired subwatersheds. First, we developed a list of 11 key variables. Next, a factor analysis was conducted to determine the underlying structure of the 11 input variables. Finally, in each of the four watersheds, potential paired subwatersheds (all 14 digit HUCs) were selected using the factors in a cluster analysis. Informal interviews were then held with key informants in each watershed to provide qualitative assessments of criteria that could impact the comparability of the subwatersheds. This method for selecting paired watersheds should be helpful for other researchers to test the effectiveness of watershed management programs focused on behavior change.     

湖泊健康评价指标体系及评价方法初探

湖泊健康评价是进行湖泊监测和管理的基础。丰富了湖泊生态系统健康的概念,指出其应当考虑湖泊的各种服务功能。以湖泊生态系统健康概念为基础,构建了湖泊健康评价指标体系,给出16个综合评价指标及各指标评分方法。以四川大学明远湖为例,采用层次分析法（AHP）计算各指标权重,对其进行健康评价,得出健康综合指数为3.55,表明整个湖泊处于＂较健康＂状态,分析了影响湖泊健康状态的疾病因子及湖泊的生态修复方法。