COVID-19疫情对河南省空气质量及社会经济活动短期影响

分析了COVID-19疫情初期河南省空气质量指数(AQI),并探讨了2项重要污染物(PM_2.5和NO₂)分布状况和变化趋势,发现疫情管控后AQI总体趋势向好,MODIS载荷反演PM_2.5浓度下降了22.7%,TropOMI卫星反演NO₂柱浓度同比下降61.95%,环比下降70.25%。另外,对NO₂日遥感监测结果按照"前-中-后"3个时段进行周尺度归一化社会经济活动指数SSEI计算,结果显示疫情管控措施对社会经济活动有明显的抑制作用,在疫情得到基本控制后,大部分地区的工业热源企业虽已逐步有序恢复生产,但经历了缓慢的恢复过程。河南省的经济活动恢复水平在春节后第1周至第5周处于渐进式增长状态,第6周有所回落,第7周继续攀升。     

Obscuring Ecosystem Function with Application of the Ecosystem Services Concept

Abstract: Conservationists commonly have framed ecological concerns in economic terms to garner political support for conservation and to increase public interest in preserving global biodiversity. Beginning in the early 1980s, conservation biologists adapted neoliberal economics to reframe ecosystem functions and related biodiversity as ecosystem services to humanity. Despite the economic success of programs such as the Catskill/Delaware watershed management plan in the United States and the creation of global carbon exchanges, today's marketplace often fails to adequately protect biodiversity. We used a Marxist critique to explain one reason for this failure and to suggest a possible, if partial, response. Reframing ecosystem functions as economic services does not address the political problem of commodification. Just as it obscures the labor of human workers, commodification obscures the importance of the biota (ecosystem workers) and related abiotic factors that contribute to ecosystem functions. This erasure of work done by ecosystems impedes public understanding of biodiversity. Odum and Odum's radical suggestion to use the language of ecosystems (i.e., emergy or energy memory) to describe economies, rather than using the language of economics (i.e., services) to describe ecosystems, reverses this erasure of the ecosystem worker. Considering the current dominance of economic forces, however, implementing such solutions would require social changes similar in magnitude to those that occurred during the 1960s. Niklas Luhmann argues that such substantive, yet rapid, social change requires synergy among multiple societal function systems (i.e., economy, education, law, politics, religion, science), rather than reliance on a single social sphere, such as the economy. Explicitly presenting ecosystem services as discreet and incomplete aspects of ecosystem functions not only allows potential economic and environmental benefits associated with ecosystem services, but also enables the social and political changes required to ensure valuation of ecosystem functions and related biodiversity in ways beyond their measurement on an economic scale.     

大型社会活动人群拥挤事故防范系统研究

我国各类大型群众性社会活动逐年增多，此类活动中如有突发事件发生，可能会由于缺乏有效的事故防范系统而导致人群拥挤，造成人员伤亡。本文通过总结大型社会活动造成人群拥挤事故的主要原因，提出以合理规划为基础、完善预案为支撑、配合有效的预警与救援模块构成的全过程集中化管理的大型社会活动人群拥挤事故防范系统。     

家户水灾社会脆弱性的评估方法研究——以长沙地区为例

中国是洪水灾害发生频繁的国家之一，研究水灾脆弱性对中国的灾害风险管理有着极为重要的意义。但是，合理评估脆弱性尤其是社会脆弱性却面临着极大的挑战。利用Hoovering改进模式，选择湘江流域的长沙地区为研究区，对研究区内的家户进行了社会脆弱性评价。结果表明，长沙市区的5个区内，高脆弱性家户最多的是天心区，最少的是雨花区。而就社区而言，高脆弱性家户最多的足裕南街街道和桔子洲街道。该结果反映了长沙不同行政区、社区社会脆弱性的差别，可供确定受援地区和受援人群及开展援助活动，乃至灾后日常风险管理参考。     

关于中国社会化环境监测机构监管的调研与建议

调查了中国约50%的省级环保部门针对社会化监测机构的监管实践,研究了英、美等7个国际认可组织在实验室认可过程中针对环境监测的管理措施与经验。在此基础上,分析了中国现有监管体制存在的问题,探索引入实验室认可等监督途径,有针对性地补充和完善现有环境监测机构管理体系,将有助于引导社会力量广泛参与环境监测,规范社会环境监测机构行为,促进环境监测服务社会化良性发展。     

多层建筑楼梯疏散宽度组合仿真研究

为探究事故发生时楼梯宽度对多层建筑疏散效率的影响,结合多层建筑楼梯疏散特点,建立多层建筑楼梯疏散模型。基于多层建筑疏散过程,以社会力模型为基础,分析多层建筑行人疏散方式,构建楼梯疏散汇流模型;计算各楼层行人汇流时间以及楼梯汇流疏散效率;以某多层教学楼为仿真案例,构建不同楼梯宽度组合疏散场景,仿真多层建筑物疏散过程,获取各楼层汇流时间及楼梯疏散效率。结果表明:楼层平台汇流持续时间与楼层所在位置正相关,楼层所在位置越高,汇流持续时间越长;低楼层楼梯宽度增加有利于优化中间楼层行人汇流作用,提高多层建筑疏散效率,而高楼层楼梯宽度增加则会加剧中间楼层行人汇流对疏散的不利影响,降低多层建筑疏散效率。     

社会支持对智能化矿井矿工违章行为的影响——缓解职业倦怠和心智游移的方法研究

为明晰智能化矿井矿工的职业倦怠和心智游移水平以及社会支持、职业倦怠和心智游移对矿工违章行为的作用机理,以366名普通矿井矿工和379名智能化矿井矿工为研究对象进行问卷调查,运用AMOS7.0建立社会支持、职业倦怠与心智游移和矿工违章行为之间的结构方程模型(SEM).结果表明:智能化矿井矿工比普通矿井矿工的职业倦怠水平和...     

不同楼梯布局条件下行人疏散效果仿真研究

为研究不同楼梯类型的行人疏散效果，改进传统社会力模型，模拟4种常见梯形中行人的疏散过程，并通过总疏散时间和平均疏散速度指标以及微观速度密度分布图分析其疏散效果中存在的内在物理机制。研究表明:从安全和高效疏散角度上看，在限定空间中，单跑无平台梯形布局有利于低密度人群下人员的快速疏散；在中、高密度人群中，双分梯形的分流特点更有利于人员安全、快速疏散。从微观密度、速度分布图可看到这4种梯形在人员疏散过程中均易造成人员聚集拥堵，但发生事故风险的位置不同。单跑有、无平台梯形在楼梯上端和下端均易发生拥堵，且此时速度值大，发生事故的风险高；双分与双跑梯形在楼梯与平台的转角处易发生拥堵。     

Characterizing Interpersonal Influence for Grassland Conservation Behaviours in a Unique Population

Interpersonal communication can influence the decisions people make about engaging in conservation behaviours. In-depth interviews with Tibetan pastoralists serve as the basis for examining interpersonal communication patterns and sources of interpersonal influence about grassland conservation behaviours. Herding and family groups are key collectives; salient sources of information vary across types of information. Salient individuals are those with credibility and means control: community leaders, elders, veterinarians, and government officials. Explicit information about conservation comes from religious leaders. The findings have significant implications for understanding the function and nature of interpersonal influence in unique population groups regarding conservation actions.     

Local Environmental Investments and Sustainable Development: The evaluation of environmental projects in Scotland supported by the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund

In the UK for the period 1994-99, a broad range of environmental projects were given financial support through the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund under the Objective 1 and Objective 5b programmes. This paper is concerned with the ex-post evaluation of these projects set within a Sustainable Development framework. The aim was to identify project types or characteristics that offered the greatest return on investment. A classification of six broad project types was adopted. The evaluation revealed that there were significant differences between individual projects with respect to the type and scale, and temporal and social distribution of the benefits they delivered. In particular, as well as delivering environmental and economic benefits, many projects made a significant contribution to the development of human and social capital. The paper concludes that it is possible to improve the basis for future project selection in order to maximise the returns on environmental investments in the context of sustainable development.