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921.
The desire of oil companies operating in the Niger Delta to secure their social license to operate, and address their community development obligations, has led in recent years to the adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and strategies. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data collected in host communities within the Niger Delta in Nigeria, the paper compares the effectiveness of two different corporate–community involvement strategies. The evidence suggests that while the corporate–community foundation model has certain advantages over the in-house community investment model, both approaches suffer from a common shortcoming that limits the impact of oil companies’ efforts on community development in their host communities. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of the research findings for corporate–community involvement in the Nigerian oil industry. 相似文献
922.
Bruce Evan Goldstein William Hale Butler 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(8):1013-1033
In response to the ongoing crisis in fire management, the US Fire Learning Network (FLN) engages partners in collaborative, landscape-scale ecological fire restoration. The paper contends that the FLN employs technologies, planning guidelines and media to articulate an FLN imaginary that co-ordinates independent efforts to engage in ecological fire restoration work without need of either hierarchal authority or collective social capital. This imaginary may allow the FLN to draw on the creativity and adaptive innovation of collaboration to reform fire management institutions and fire-adapted ecosystems. 相似文献
923.
Relationship between occupational social class and exposure to organochlorine pesticides during pregnancy 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Freire C Amaya E Fernández MF González-Galarzo MC Ramos R Molina-Molina JM Arrebola JP Olea N 《Chemosphere》2011,83(6):831-838
Background
Little evidence is available on the influence of socioeconomic factors on exposure to persistent organic pollutants, especially during vulnerable periods such as pregnancy and early life.Objective
To investigate the relationship of maternal social class with placental concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their combined estrogenic activity measured with a biomarker of exposure.Methods
Exposure to 16 OCPs (DDTs, endosulfans, and seven other compounds) and the total effective xenoestrogenic burden (TEXB) were analyzed in placentas from a mother-child cohort. OCP concentrations were quantified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and TEXB was assessed with the E-Screen bioassay. Social class was classified according to maternal occupation. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to examine variations in pesticide exposure and TEXB as a function of maternal social class in 257 subjects.Results
Placental p,p′-DDT concentrations were higher in social classes III and IV than in classes I-II (the most affluent); concentrations of the sum of DDTs were higher in class IV; and exposure to the sum of endosulfans was greater in class III. HCB concentrations were higher among women in class IV than in classes I-II and among manual (classes III-V) than non-manual workers. However, the trend across social classes was only statistically significant for HCB. Social class significantly explained 10% of the variability in concentrations of the sum of endosulfans.Conclusion
There is a need to explore whether more disadvantaged populations suffer higher levels of exposure to pesticides or other environmental chemicals and how different social processes contribute to this exposure. 相似文献924.
Juana M. Rivera-Lirio María J. Muñoz-Torres 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2010,53(5):573-590
The complexity associated with the public and private management of sustainable development is causing the increasing involvement of various European Union governments in issues related to the social responsibility of organisations. However, the debate about the nature of this involvement is still open. The study here shows the results of a survey conducted in the Spanish region of Valencia among businesses and social agents, paying special attention to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The outcomes of the interviews display the nascent state of CSR implementation both in the companies of the region and the government initiatives related to encouraging the development of the concept. 相似文献
925.
基于利益相关者分析的安全生产投资社会评价研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
何兵 《中国安全科学学报》2009,19(11)
在利益相关者分析基础上建立的评价模型指出安全生产投资利益相关者分析的范围、任务和原则,通过分析各利益相关者的损益及成本收益分担情况,指出安全生产投资利益调整的目的、方式以及政策建议。对安全生产投资社会评价的研究,不仅完善了安全生产投资的评价体系,也为制定安全生产经济政策、解决我国企业缺乏安全生产投资主动性及投资不足的问题提供依据。 相似文献
926.
Philopatry, male presence and grooming reciprocation among female primates: a comparative perspective 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Competition for food and a safe location in a group are considered to be the main determinants of variation in social relationships
among female primates. The effect of the presence of males is usually overlooked, however. Here we put forward two hypotheses
connecting the (relative) number of males in a group, a statistic measuring the strength of positive relationships among females
(the degree of reciprocity of grooming) and female residence. Under the first hypothesis, we assumed that philopatric females
suffer especially from competition for males. Because females of these species are restrained to their native group and thus
do not move to groups where better conditions (i.e. more males) prevail, a higher socionomic sex ratio would imply reduced
competition and this should be reflected in better relationships among females (i.e. in a higher degree of reciprocation).
The second hypothesis is based on the contention of Wrangham (1987) that groups with more males are better able to defend
large food sources: in these groups female relationships would suffer less from within-group competition for food. We therefore
also expected a positive correlation between the absolute number of males and grooming reciprocation. To test the hypotheses,
matrices of grooming interactions were collected by going through the primatological literature. For ten female-resident and
four female-transfer primate species, the degree of grooming reciprocation was quantified using a specially adapted matrix
statistic. The results favoured the first (competition for males) hypothesis. The degree of grooming reciprocation among females
was positively correlated with socionomic sex ratio, but neither with group size nor with the absolute number of males. Correlations
between the degree of reciprocity and sex ratio were confirmed at three levels: within the same group at different points
in time, between groups of the same species, and between species. In addition, the degree of reciprocation increased with
sex ratio more strongly in typical single/variable male than in multi-male species. This we interpreted as a direct consequence
of the lower social availability of males for females in multi-male groups than single-male groups. In turn, this effect may
be due to males competing for females in multi-male groups.
Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 9 November 1997 相似文献
927.
三峡库区作为长江经济带上特殊的地理单元,其社会基础设施建设与城镇化发展是否匹配,直接影响着库区的长治久安。选取库区2000~2014年的面板数据,构建社会基础设施-新型城镇化测度体系,采用相关性模型对之进行检测,并通过静态协调度模型对15 a间两者的协调度定量分析。测度结果表明:(1)社会基础设施建设与城镇化进程紧密相关;(2)在时间上,库区社会基础设施-新型城镇化测度体系协调度呈协调到失调的发展态势;(3)在空间上,库区不同区县差异明显,需结合具体社会经济发展情况,推进社会基础设施建设与以人为本的新型城镇化的协调发展。 相似文献
928.
James T. Spartz Leona Yi-Fan Su Robert Griffin Dominique Brossard Sharon Dunwoody 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2017,11(1):1-16
This online experiment explored how contextual information embedded in new media channels such as YouTube may serve as normative social cues to users. Specifically, we examined whether the number of views listed under a YouTube video about climate change would elicit inferences regarding how “others” feel about the climate issue and, consequently, might influence perceptions of issue salience. Participants in this experiment were exposed to a YouTube video about climate change using two experimental conditions, one providing a small number of views under the video and the second listing a large number of views. Results suggest that the “number of views” cue did, indeed, influence participant perceptions of the importance assigned by other Americans to the issue of climate change. Further, compared to low self-monitoring participants, high self-monitoring participants registered an increase in their own judgment of issue importance. 相似文献
929.
A lack of trust in the information exchanged via social media may significantly hinder decisionmaking by community members and emergency services during disasters. The need for timely information at such times, though, challenges traditional ways of establishing trust. This paper, building on a multi‐year research project that combined social media data analysis and participant observation within an emergency management organisation and in‐depth engagement with stakeholders across the sector, pinpoints and examines assumptions governing trust and trusting relationships in social media disaster management. It assesses three models for using social media in disaster management—information gathering, quasi‐journalistic verification, and crowdsourcing—in relation to the guardianship of trust to highlight the verification process for content and source and to identify the role of power and responsibilities. The conclusions contain important implications for emergency management organisations seeking to enhance their mechanisms for incorporating user‐generated information from social media sources in their disaster response efforts. 相似文献
930.
Social network characteristics and resource access among formerly displaced households in Lira,Uganda
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In rural African communities, the support of extended family, friends, and neighbours is essential in borrowing or leveraging land, labour, food, and money, especially at times of social and financial turmoil. Little is known, though, about the nature of the networks and the conditions under which they may generate greater support in post‐conflict communities. This study, conducted in the Lira district of northern Uganda, examined the composition, proximity, and size of the networks that households utilise to gain access to resources during and after resettlement. Network structures with more kin and co‐resident ties were found to offer greater resource access to households in post‐conflict settings. Furthermore, there was a lack of meaningful linkages outside of a person's own village, especially with regard to households whose head has no or a low level of education. These findings enhance understanding of the specific role of relationships in social support for resource access among households in post‐conflict communities. 相似文献