Influences of Border Carbon Adjustments on China＇s Foreign Trade

The EU, the United States and other economies, with the intention to implement unilateral trade measures Border Car- bon Adjustments, impose emission reduction pressure on develop- ing countries. Once ...     

基于“可持续性”要素的比较优势理论拓展

比较优势是不同国家生产同种产品的机会成本差异。传统理论认为,形成比较优势的机会成本主要为生产成本,而"可持续性"是一种代际公共品,耗费"可持续性"要素的机会成本是代际成本,即现在使用某(些)要素所放弃的未来使用之可能带来的纯收益。因此,不同国家的可持续性差异体现为代际成本差异,"可持续性"是塑造一国比较优势的新要素。若中国对外贸易过度依靠当代所具有的劳动力价格低廉和环境规制政策宽松所塑造的劳动力比较优势和环境比较优势,从长期看是不可持续的。通过代际成本内在化,可逐步实现对外贸易发展的短期理性与长期理性的统一。进而言之,中国需要妥善处理贸易增长与各种稀缺要素消耗之间的关系,平衡贸易增长与可持续发展的关系,当今的贸易与未来的贸易需寻求某种总量和结构上的均衡。     

Interactions between energy consumption,international trade,and real income in Canada: An empirical investigation from a new version of the Solow growth model

This study investigates the empirical relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in Canada which has an important role in global energy and trade. It employs bound tests to level relationships and conditional error correction models through ARDL specification to a new version of the Solow Growth model. Using annual data of the 1960–2010 period, results reveal a long-term relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in Canada. It is also found that energy exporting activity is the determinant (driver) of energy consumption through the channel of real income and energy consumption is the determinant (driver) of exports through the channel of real income in the long term of the Canadian economy. Exports and energy use are the determinants (drivers) of real income in the long term of the Canadian economy; therefore, as conditional Granger causality tests suggest there is feedback relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in the long term of the Canadian economy. The present study suggests that any energy conservation policies are likely to have negative influence on output and international trade in Canada.     

全行业口径下中国区域间贸易隐含虚拟水的转移测算

区域间贸易隐含虚拟水转移对于地区水资源科学利用和水资源管理政策制定具有重要的现实意义。本文利用水资源扩展型MRIO模型和中国区域间投入产出表,基于全行业口径对中国区域间贸易隐含虚拟水转移进行了测算,重点从区域间贸易隐含虚拟水转移的整体现状、主要流向、产业分解及对地区水资源影响等四个方面进行了分析。本文研究发现:1动态来看,东北区域、中部区域和南部沿海区域虚拟水净流出情况发生逆转,西北区域和西南区域始终为虚拟水净流出地区;2中国各地区间贸易隐含虚拟水转移量显著增加,东北地区和西北地区对外转移虚拟水增长幅度较大,中部地区与其它地区间的虚拟水转移量明显多于其它区域间的虚拟水转移量;总体来说,中国各地区的贸易隐含虚拟水转移存在由北向南、由西向东的两条转移路径;3各地区主要的贸易隐含虚拟水流出行业具有明显的行业共性,各地区主要的贸易隐含虚拟水流出行业存在区域差异,中部地区为主要的建筑业虚拟水输入地区,京津地区为主要的服务业虚拟水输出地区;4南部地区虚拟水流出占本地水资源的比重低于北部地区,东部地区虚拟水流入占本地完全消耗水资源的比重高于西部地区。本文的政策启示在于,中国应该重视贸易隐含虚拟水对节约地区水资源的重要作用,建立科学的各地区节水型产业结构,改进目前并不合理的区域间贸易结构。     

虚拟水贸易的可计算非线性动态投入产出分析模型

虚拟水是水资源需求管理的创新领域。投入产出法是研究虚拟水的重要方法,但既有研究多以线性静态投入产出模型为主,存在较强的比例性假设,在解释现实经济活动中的虚拟水贸易时存在一定缺陷和不足。为更加贴近现实状况,本文利用可计算一般均衡(CGE)思想,设计了一种新的虚拟水测算思路,对传统的线性静态投入产出模型进行了非线性和动态化的拓展,旨在对区域经济系统中的虚拟水贸易进行更加科学合理的计算和考察。首先,参照国家统计机构常用的42产业部门划分方式,根据一般均衡理论,围绕区域经济系统的生产模块、价格模块和供需平衡模块三个部分,定义有关变量和参数,对区域经济系统非线性动态投入产出模型进行了详细的方程列写。在此基础上,将虚拟水流动的因素与一般形式的非线性动态投入产出模型进行嵌套,采用"母表"(价值型流量表)和"子表"(水资源流量表)相结合的形式,给出了一种全新的区域水资源投入产出表的设计思路与编制方法,将可计算非线性动态产出模型从一般形式扩展至水资源领域,构建了区域经济系统中虚拟水贸易的可计算非线性动态投入产出分析框架。分析同时指出,通过对该模型进行求解,可以推导和计算平衡增长路径和最优增长路径下的区域经济系统产出结构和用水结构,并可结合虚拟水贸易对区域经济的作用机理,分析最优增长路径下实施虚拟水贸易对区域经济增长的贡献。     

浅谈饮食行业的环境管理

饮食行业的迅速发展带来环境问题。分析了饮食娱乐业污染危害,阐述了其环境管理现状,提出饮食行业环境管理的建议。     

中美商品贸易的碳排放转移研究

中美两国均为温室气体排放大国,且双边贸易额巨大。由于两国在基础设施、技术、能源综合效率和资源禀赋上存在差异,使得中美商品贸易中存在碳排放转移。论文采用投入产出法的思想,结合经济、能源与贸易三系统,建立了基于国际商品贸易的碳排放转移模型,并分别测算了1997年与2002年中美商品贸易中各相应部门的碳排放转移量。研究表明：①1997年与2002年,基于中美商品贸易的中国部门载碳量分别达到4010.13×10⁴t碳与5056.21×10⁴t碳,依次占中国相应部门载碳总量的6.61%与8.33%;而美国部门载碳量仅为290.65×10⁴t碳与335.61×10⁴t碳,相继仅占美国部门载碳总量的0.53%与0.66%;②1997年与2002年,中美商品贸易的碳转移总量依次达3719.75×10⁴t碳与4719.60×10⁴t碳,化学工业、金属冶炼及其压延加工业是主要的碳转移部门;③1997年与2002年,通过国际商品贸易,美国分别有相当于其相应部门碳排放总量的6.77%与9.32%的碳被泄露到了中国,中国为美国的碳减排做出了很大的潜在贡献,美国等发达国家应该为中国等发展中国家提供切实有效的气候与环境友好型技术援助。     

加强环境保护打破绿色贸易壁垒

本文通过分析绿色壁垒对我国外贸的影响，从政府和企业的角度提出了相关的政策建议。     

我国出口贸易隐含污染排放变化的结构分解分析

利用投入产出分析方法,计算了我国2002~2007年出口贸易中隐含的SO2、COD和氨氮排放量,然后利用LMDI方法将影响上述排放量变化的因素分解为规模效应、结构效应和技术效应.结果显示:2002~2007年我国出口对国内SO2、COD和氨氮排放量的贡献都在20%以上,其中出口规模的扩大对于出口贸易中隐含SO2、COD和氨氮排放量增加起着重要的推动作用,而技术进步和出口结构变动的影响则随行业和时间的不同而呈现出显著差异性.分析我国出口贸易中隐含污染排放量较高的原因,主要来自于出口结构不合理,出口产品的环境效率低下,出口总量增速快.因此,本文对我国提出了几点政策建议,包括实施绿色贸易政策、绿化海关进出口产品目录、鼓励生态标志产品出口及采取进口替代政策.     

Legal ivory trade in a corrupt world and its impact on African elephant populations

Illegal hunting of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) for ivory is causing rapid declines in their populations. Since 2007, illegal ivory trade has more than doubled. African elephants are facing the most serious conservation crisis since 1989, when international trade was banned. One solution proposed is establishment of a controlled legal trade in ivory. High prices for ivory mean that the incentives to obtain large quantities are high, but the quantity of tusks available for trade are biologically constrained. Within that context, effective management of a legal ivory trade would require robust systems to be in place to ensure that ivory from illegally killed elephants cannot be laundered into a legal market. At present, that is not feasible due to corruption among government officials charged with implementing wildlife‐related legislation. With organized criminal enterprises involved along the whole commodity chain, corruption enables the laundering of illegal ivory into legal or potentially legal markets. Poachers and traffickers can rapidly pay their way out of trouble, so the financial incentives to break the law heavily outweigh those of abiding by it. Maintaining reliable permitting systems and leak‐proof chains of custody in this context is challenging, and effective management breaks down. Once illegal ivory has entered the legal trade, it is difficult or impossible for enforcement officers to know what is legal and illegal. Addressing corruption throughout a trade network that permeates countries across the globe will take decades, if it can ever be achieved. That will be too late for wild African elephants at current rates of loss. If we are to conserve remaining wild populations, we must close all markets because, under current levels of corruption, they cannot be controlled in a way that does not provide opportunities for illegal ivory being laundered into legal markets. Comercio Legal de Marfil en un Mundo Corrupto y su Imapacto sobre Poblaciones de Elefantes