中国双向式自然资源发展战略研究

本项研究系统分析了资源与经济发展的基本关系特点。提出中国持续发展的核心问题是处理资源与发展的关系 ,并认为关键是建立适应市场机制的资源供需体系。总结了中国跨世纪面临的资源四大挑战与存在的五大问题 ,概括了我国资源与发展的若干规律 ,首次提出中国存在资源国际贸易逆差 ,中国国际贸易的顺差是依靠资源国际贸易的逆差、牺牲紧缺资源而换取的。因此 ,中国应该实行双向式自然资源发展战略。并提出了该战略的核心思想及若干政策性建议     

Economic Growth and Biodiversity Loss in an Age of Tradable Permits

Abstract:  Tradable permits are increasingly becoming part of environmental policy and conservation programs. The efficacy of tradable permit schemes in addressing the root cause of environmental decline—economic growth—will not be achieved unless the schemes cap economic activity based on ecological thresholds. Lessons can be learned from the largest tradable permit scheme to date, emissions trading now being implemented with the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol caps neither greenhouse gas emissions at a level that will achieve climate stability nor economic growth. If patterned after the Kyoto Protocol, cap-and-trade schemes for conservation will not ameliorate biodiversity loss either because they will not address economic growth. In response to these failures to cap economic growth, professional organizations concerned about biodiversity conservation should release position statements on economic growth and ecological thresholds. The statements can then be used by policy makers to infuse these positions into the local, national, and international environmental science-policy process when these schemes are being developed. Infusing language into the science-policy process that calls for capping economic activity based on ecological thresholds represents sound conservation science. Most importantly, position statements have a greater potential to ameliorate biodiversity loss if they are created and released than if this information remains within professional organizations because there is the potential for these ideas to be enacted into law and policy.     

Role of Prices and Wealth in Consumer Demand for Bushmeat in Gabon, Central Africa

Abstract:  Unsustainable hunting of wildlife for food is often a more immediate and significant threat to the conservation of biological diversity in tropical forests than deforestation. Why people eat wildlife is debated. Some may eat bushmeat because they can afford it; others may eat it because it is familiar, traditional, confers prestige, tastes good, or adds variety. We completed a survey of 1208 rural and urban households in Gabon, Africa, in 2002–2003 to estimate the effect of wealth and prices on the consumption of wildlife and other sources of animal protein. Consumption of bushmeat, fish, chicken, and livestock increased with increasing household wealth, and as the price of these commodities rose, consumption declined. Although the prices of substitutes for bushmeat did not significantly, in statistical terms, influence bushmeat consumption, as the price of wildlife increased and its consumption fell, the consumption of fish rose, indicating that fish and bushmeat were dietary substitutes. Our results suggest that policy makers can use economic levers such as taxation or supply reduction through better law enforcement to change demand for wildlife. These measures will help to regulate unsustainable exploitation and reduce the risk of irreversible loss of large-bodied and slow-reproducing wildlife species. If policy makers focus solely on reducing the unsustainable consumption of wildlife, they may see adverse impacts on the exploitation of fish. Furthermore, policy makers must ensure that raising household wealth through development assistance does not result in undesirable impacts on the conservation status of wildlife and fish.     

饮食业油烟净化技术与应用

近年来,饮食业油烟污染已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一.比较分析了目前国内使用的几类油烟净化设备的性能及应用现状,提出不同规模的饮食业单位应选择的油烟净化技术.通过比较发现,静电油烟净化技术和静电复合式油烟净化技术是目前国内油烟净化技术的主流,并提出等离子体技术、催化燃烧技术是今后油烟净化的发展趋势.     

谈股权投资业务的税务与会计处理

对股权投资活动所涉及的非货币性交易业务，会计制度和税法都规定了不同的处理方法，本文试从非货币性交易的内涵、资产的计价方法、资产交易损益的确认与计量三个方面比较两者的差异。     

The growth of develop-for-import projects

This article examines develop-for-import projects financed by development loans and mixed credits supplied by export-import banks and other financial institutions of the central governments of France, Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany. The projects discussed are those producing bauxite, alumina, aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and tungsten, in developing market economies, Australia and Canada. The article estimates the volume of these metals committed to France, Japan and FRG to pay for loans and credits, examines the types of financial arrangement involved in develop-for-import projects, and considers the compatibility of these arrangements with the multilateral liberalized world trading system developed by the General Ageement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) over the past 40 years. To the extent that these arrangements do not fully reflect changes in international market forces, world trade in metals will tend to be distorted and discriminatory.     

An infinite-horizon model of dynamic membership of international environmental agreements

Much of the literature on international environmental agreements (IEAs) uses static models, although most important transboundary pollution problems involve stock pollutants. The few papers that study IEAs using models of stock pollutants do not allow for the possibility that membership of the IEA may change endogenously over time. In this paper we analyse a simple infinite-horizon version of the static model of self-enforcing IEAs, in which damage costs increase with the stock of pollution, and countries decide each period whether to join an IEA. Using a quadratic approximation of the value function of the representative country we show that there exists a steady-state stock of pollution with corresponding steady-state IEA membership, and that as the stock rises towards steady state the IEA membership falls. Moreover, we find that the greater is the cost of damage, and hence the greater are the potential gains from cooperation, the smaller is the membership of a self-enforcing IEA.     

浙江省进出口产品隐含碳的计算及其影响因素

近年来,CO₂等温室气体的过多排放日益为世界各国所重视。文章对浙江省近年外贸中的CO₂含量进行分析研究。内涵碳的净出口量与其占全省碳排放的比值都呈现增加的势头;两个时期的进(出)口的规模变动效果全是正向;两个时期的进(出)口结构变动效果有明显差异,2005-2008年期间,出口的结构变动效果为7 201.89×10⁴ t,进口的结构变动效果综合后为-3 124.27×10⁴ t;在此阶段,中间投入变动效果有明显的改善,2002-2005年进(出)口的中间投入变动效果是40.34×10⁴ t(32.21×10⁴ t),2005-2008年阶段是-3 428.33×10⁴ t(-4 942.21×10⁴ t);单位GDP碳排放量变动效果也有明显改善,并且两个时期单位GDP碳排放量变动效果主要是由单位GDP能耗变动效果所决定;两个时期进(出)口单位能耗的碳排放量变动效果均非常小。     

关注国际经贸中的环境因素

当今世界环境问题倍受关注，环境问题在国际经贸中的影响日益突出，环境壁垒即绿色壁垒极有可能成为国际贸易中最重要的贸易壁垒。本文着重论述环境因素对国际经贸的影响并对本国企业如何应对提出个人对策建议。     

排污收费制度与排污权交易制度的比较研究

实现“十一五”规划纲要中关于总量控制的战略目标，在采用排污收费政府管制手段防治污染的同时，把排污权交易制度作为实施总量控制目标的主要手段来抓，具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文就排污收费制度与排污权交易制度各方面存在的异同，讨论并指出排污权交易制度存在的必要性，把排污权交易制度作为一种过渡性措施加以构建，缓解经济发展与环境保护的矛盾，实现人与自然的和谐发展。