Association of reproductive traits with captive- versus wild-sourced birds in trade

The wildlife trade is a billion-dollar global business, involving millions of people, thousands of species, and hundreds of millions of individual organisms. Unravelling whether trade targets reproductively distinct species and whether this preference varies between captive- and wild-sourced species is a crucial question. We used a comprehensive list of all bird species traded, trade listings and records kept in compliance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and a suite of avian reproductive parameters to examine whether wildlife trade is associated with particular facets of life history and to examine the association between life-history traits and captive- and wild-sourced traded volumes over time. Across all trade, CITES listing, and CITES trade, large birds were more likely to be traded and listed, but their longevity and age at maturity were not associated with CITES listing or trade. We found species across almost the full range of trait values in both captive and wild trade between 2000 and 2020. Captive trade volumes clearly associated with relatively longer lived and early-maturing species; these associations remained stable and largely unchanged over time. Trait–volume associations in wild-sourced trade were more uncertain. Only body mass had a clear association, and it varied from negative to positive over time. Although reproductive traits were important in captive-sourced trade, species-level variation dominated trade, with even congeneric species varying greatly in volume despite similar traits. The collection and incorporation of trait data into sustainability assessments of captive breeding facilities are crucial to ensure accurate quotas and guard against laundering.     

Climate and international trade policies when emissions affect production possibilities

In this paper, we develop a model of international trade and climate change in which emission discharges arising from production have a feedback effect on national production sectors by impacting upon effective factor endowments. With this context, the objectives are, first, to provide a general characterization of Pareto-efficient climate and trade policies and, second, to examine the possibility – starting from non-Pareto-efficient equilibria – for Pareto-improving environmental policies. We provide conditions under which several particular reforms of carbon taxes are welfare improving.     

中国农产品贸易的虚拟土地资源量化研究

虚拟资源对于揭示农产品贸易隐含的资源流动及效应具有重要意义。随着我国农产品贸易量和贸易格局的变化,定量核算我国农产品贸易隐含的土地资源量变化,可以从资源利用的角度评价我国农产品贸易的合理性,为相关贸易政策的制定提供理论依据。研究重点探讨了农产品及加工制品的虚拟土地资源量的核算方法,分别从生产者角度和消费者角度对1986—2009年我国农作物产品及其加工制品贸易的虚拟土地资源量进行了核算。计算结果表明,我国农作物产品隐含的虚拟土地资源量由1986年的净出口442.6×10⁴ hm²,转变为2009年的净进口2 889.0×10⁴ hm²,假设进口农产品在本国生产的情况下,2009年我国所需的虚拟土地资源量为3 817.5×10⁴ hm²。从虚拟土地资源进口结构和空间分布来看,我国虚拟土地资源净进口主要作物类别由谷物转变为油料作物,主要进口来源国由美国、加拿大、澳大利亚转变为美国、巴西、阿根廷。     

Fair trade as a strategy for international competitiveness

At the centre of the debate surrounding sustainable development is a recognition that companies can make a major contribution by being environmentally and socially responsible and that tools associated with these concepts can enhance the competitiveness and economic performance of the firm. In this paper we go further in arguing that in a world of globalisation it is equally important to look at issues of international trade.

In an examination of free trade we argue that it is neither fully consistent with sustainable development nor to the benefit of business. We point to a new imperative to develop sound sourcing, and equitable and fair trading relationships. We identify issues associated with fair trade (including issues of human rights, fair wages, sustainability reporting procedures and codes of conduct on ethics) and associated tools of analysis (guaranteed prices, codes of conduct and end price audits).

The paper argues that in a world of globalisation with greater transparency and information availability it will be important for companies to be clear about their policies on supply chain management and trade. Indeed, with the growth of an active and sophisticated civil society, it will be argued that policies associated with sound sourcing, equitable trade and fair trade could provide companies with a new competitive strategy based on ethical standards communicated to the consumer through a strategy of differentiation. We explore strategies for the integration of fair trade policies, strategies and standards, and the opportunities for new markets and niches that this presents. It is argued that the integration of fair trade into a business strategy can enhance competitiveness.     

餐饮业油烟污染现状及防治对策

随着餐饮业的飞速发展,由此带来的环境污染日益严重.餐饮业油烟污染扰民问题,也成为城市居民环保投诉的热点之一.通过介绍餐饮业油烟形成、危害及中国油烟净化设备的现状,并针对南通市餐饮业油烟污染现状提出了防治对策,为环保决策提供科学依据.     

我国大宗农产品贸易格局及对外依存度研究——基于虚拟耕地资源的分析和评价

我国已成为农产品进口大国,而所有农产品中都隐含有一定的耕地资源,论文基于农产品虚拟耕地资源的分析和评价,系统研究了我国大宗农产品贸易格局及对外依存度。论文所涉及的大宗农产品及其制品主要是土地资源密集型产品,包括粮食、油料、木薯、植物油、棉花、糖、饲料粕类等7大类,24个具体品种,以2000-2016年分国别的贸易数据为基础,从消费者的角度对大宗农产品虚拟耕地资源贸易量进行了分析和评价。研究结果显示,我国大宗农产品虚拟耕地资源净进口量由2000年的675×10⁴ hm²增加到2016年的5 928×10⁴ hm²,其中美国和巴西是中国农产品虚拟耕地进口量最大的国家,进口量分别由2000年的342×10⁴和146×10⁴ hm²,增加到2016年的2 101×10⁴和2 192×10⁴ hm²,占我国虚拟耕地进口总量比例超过70%;2016年农业耕地资源对外依存度达到30.5%,对巴西和美国的依存度分别为11.3%和10.8%。土地密集型农产品的大量进口,在一定程度上缓解了我国耕地资源紧张的压力,保证了粮食安全。     

国内温室气体减排:基本框架设计的生态经济问题——与刘世锦等商榷

碳中和是节能减排的生态机制及碳均衡的基础,新能源替代是化石能源枯竭前的必须及节能减排的根本,而直接的节能减排是近期、初期、最多中期的过渡手段。因此国内温室气体减排基本框架设计的方向,应该是在生态经济、循环经济及低碳社会转型中的节能减排、新能源替代和碳中和三方面通盘考虑的基础上,巧妙使用价格杠杆的作用,才能达到"建立起促进技术进步、经济增长和发展方式转变的新机制"的效果。建立带有经济杠杆形式的"碳排放权交易市场",运用"碳源"及"碳汇"的主观价格及市场均衡价格作为灵敏度调节的"手柄"或"砝码",甚至可以"内生性"而不是"外科手术"式地一揽子解决老少边穷地区脱贫问题、退耕还林问题、森林分类经营及生态效益补偿问题、产业的"双转移"问题、主功能区规划中"限制开发区"的生存机制问题、各种企业的高碳能源"碳排放"问题,以及国家层面的新能源基本替代及最大幅度的节能减排之根本问题。     

完善环保投资体制

本文概述了我国现行环保投资体制的现状及存在问题，并对完善环保投资体制进行了探讨。     

中-韩自贸区建立对辽宁环保产业的影响及对策研究

建立中-韩自由贸易试验区是党中央、国务院做出的重大决策,是深入贯彻党的十八大精神,在新形势下全面深化改革、扩大开放战略的重大举措。辽宁省环保产业发展起步较早,尽管近年来在全国的位次有所下滑,但在产品门类、技术、人才、关联产业以及园区化、集群化的发展模式上仍具有一定优势。面对中-韩自由贸易试验区对环境服务业战略转型的机遇和挑战,辽宁省应明确提出环保产业发展战略和目标定位,要强化政府的主导作用,加强不同环境服务分类影响研究,实施国内环境服务企业的"走出去"战略,加快环境服务业发展和战略转型的法规和政策体系建设,制定针对国内环境服务企业的扶持战略,解决战略转型的保障问题。本文以自贸区贸易效应为理论依据,根据辽宁省环保产业发展现状,探索在新时期如何利用辽宁省的区位优势不断创造市场空间,加快政府职能转变,积极推进环保产业贸易和投资便利化,强化资本、技术、人才等要素构建,加强园区建设,培育领军企业。     

生态服务贸易及其测度方法初探

随着区域间经济联系日益密切,生态服务的市场交换行为伴随着货物贸易快速增加,已成为生态服务贸易的主要形式。市场型生态服务贸易导致生态服务使用在区域间的巨大不公平,已对区域可持续发展产生了重大影响。从隐含自然资源产品提供、隐含能源提供和污染物净化三个方面设计了生态服务贸易的测度框架,并构建了生态不对等交换指数评价生态服务交换的不对等程度。