Quantification of human amniotic fluid constituents by high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

We have investigated the ability of high-resolution proton NMR spectroscopy to provide a biochemical constituent screening of human amniotic fluid (AF). Proton NMR spectra were obtained at 300 MHz on AF from patients undergoing amniocentesis in the mid-trimester. Only AF from normal pregnancies (normal fetal karyotype, normal a-fetoprotein levels, normal birth outcome) was used in this study. The AF supernatant was lyophilized and resuspended in deuterated water containing 0.1 mm phosphate buffer and 6.02 mm disodium maleate. Identification of low molecular weight compounds was confirmed by two-dimensional NMR spectra (primarily correlated spectroscopy, or COSY) and standard addition techniques. A broad profile of compounds were ‘NMR visible’ in a single proton spectrum, including creatinine, glucose, organic acids (acetate, citrate, and lactate) and several amino acids (alanine, histidine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and valine). The proton spectrum was unaffected by prior freezing/thawing of AF samples. We were able to quantify compounds by comparison with an added concentration standard (maleate) at concentrations as low as 30 μm. Good agreement with literature values based on other analytical techniques was obtained.     

Stability analysis of alkaline nitrobenzene-containing wastewater by a catalyzed Fe-Cu treatment process

Iron and copper bimetallic system (catalyzed Fe-Cu process) is a promising technology for alkaline nitrobenzene-containing wastewater treatment. However, little is currently known about the changes of treatment efficiency with time going. This research investigated the long-term performance of the catalyzed Fe-Cu process to reduce nitrobenzene (NB) in alkaline wastewater. In addition, the changes of the metal surfaces morphologies and matters before and after the reaction were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The results showed that the surface properties of copper almost remained unchanged after weeks of operation, which spelled its strong chemical stability and resistance to poisoning. Moreover, the results indicated that there were two reasons for the treatment efficiency decreasing with time. One was the gradual iron element consumption due to corrosion. The other was iron reactivity weakened due to the precipitates accumulation on the surfaces that were mainly Fe₃O₄ and FeCO. __________ Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2006, 28(10): 783–785 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

Characterisation of Organic Matter and Carbon Cycling in Rehabilitated Lignite-rich Mine Soils

Open-cast lignite mining in the Lusatian mining district resulted in rehabilitated mine soils containing up to four organic matter types: (1) recent plant litter, (2) lignite deposited by mining activity, (3) carbonaceous ash particles deposited during amelioration of the lignite-containing parent substrate and (4) airborne carbonaceous particles deposited during contamination. The influence of lignite-derived carbon types on the organic matter development and their role in the soil carbon cycle was unknown. This paper presents the findings obtained during a six year project concerning the impact of lignite on soil organic matter composition and the biogeochemical functioning of the ecosystem. The organic matter development after rehabilitation was followed in a chronosequence of rehabilitated mine soils afforested in 1966, 1981 and 1987. A differentiation of the organic matter types and an evaluation of their role within the ecosystem was achieved by the use of ¹⁴C activity measurements, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy and wet chemical analysis of plant litter compounds. The results showed that the amount and degree of decomposition of the recent organic matter derived from plant material of the 30 year old mine soil was similar to natural uncontaminated forest soil which suggests complete rehabilitation of the ecosystem. The decomposition and humification processes were not influenced by the presence of lignite. On the other hand it was shown that lignite, which was thought to be recalcitrant because of its chemical structure, was part of the carbon cycle in these soils. This demonstrates the need to elucidate further the stabilisation mechanisms of organic matter in soils.     

Effect of Cross-Linking Waste Protein with Dialdehydes on Its Biodegradation Under Anaerobic Conditions

Most native polymers used in processing and application technologies are admittedly disposable from the environment in a biologic manner, but products possess low mechanical strength. One of the paths to increasing this attribute (if feasible) is their cross-linking, which may, however, affect their readiness to biodegradation. In the presented work this condition was observed on the example of waste protein (Hykol B) cross-linking by means of glutardialdehyde and glyoxal. Degree and course of cross-linking were determined through impedance spectroscopy. The objective of this work also was to obtain data for constructing a sensor capable of following the cross-linking course in real time, for potential industrial application of Hykol in continuous production. Impedance spectroscopy proved to be applicable even to this kind of material marked by considerable water content and exhibiting relatively high electric conductivity; so far it had been used only for materials of low conductivity. An aqueous environment inoculated with digested anaerobic sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was selected for modeling anaerobic conditions. The relation was studied between cross-linking degree given by content of cross-linking agent (determined by impedance spectroscopy) and biodegradation degree under anaerobic conditions. It was confirmed that network density as given by quantity of added agent not only reduced breakdown degree but also slowed the course of the process. This fact is particularly obvious with cross-linking by means of glyoxal; network density is thus dependent on type of employed substance, which affect type and structure of created network. That not merely forms an obstacle during polymer swelling and dissolution but also prevents access of bacteria to source of metabolized organic carbon.     

基于机器学习分类算法解析EIS数据的有机涂层性能评价方法

目的 基于机器学习分类算法快速评估有机涂层的防腐性能。方法 通过实验室加速试验模拟涂层真实的退化过程,并根据测得的电化学数据,分析不同退化阶段的等效电路元件参数。随后,采用随机抽样方法获取大量数据,用于机器学习模型训练。通过对比支持向量机(SVM)、k最近邻(k-NN)和随机森林(RF)3种不同的机器学习算法,以及多种输入特征集训练的涂层性能分类器模型的准确率,分析最适合用于涂层性能快速评估的机器学习算法和电化学特征。结果 根据不同输入特征训练的k-NN和RF模型均表现出良好的预测效果,而SVM模型的预测效果相对较差。根据不同频率范围训练的分类器模型中,在低频区表现最佳,而在高频区表现较差。结论 基于阻抗虚部、虚部+实部和阻抗模值3种输入特征训练的RF分类器模型的预测效果最准确。不同频率区间内,低频区的阻抗特征更能准确表征涂层性能。     

环糊精对腐植酸-芘、蒽相互作用影响初探

利用吸收光谱、荧光猝灭法、圆二色谱法及芘荧光探针法,探讨了环糊精(CDs)对腐植酸(HA)与以芘为代表的多环芳烃(PAHs)相互作用的影响.β-CD与HA的吸收光谱和荧光光谱测定结果表明:β-CD能够包络HA的芳环部分;荧光猝灭法和圆二色谱法测定结果表明:HA能够与被β-CD空腔包络的芘分子发生相互作用,CDs和HA之间存在与芘相互作用的竞争;用荧光猝灭法测定了四种不同CDs存在下HA和芘的结合常数,并用芘为荧光探针进行测定,结果表明:CDs浓度较低时,HA对芘的作用占优势;反之,CDs占优势.与其它三种CDs不同,γ-CD存在下HA与芘的结合常数随其浓度的升高一直增大.     

脉冲曝气活性污泥胞外聚合物的产生特性及其与脱氮效率的关系

为探讨脉冲曝气活性污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的产生特性及其与脱氮效率的关系,研究了在脉冲曝气装置中曝气时间5 min及停曝时间10 min的条件下,松散结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）与紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）的变化规律,并分析EPS与脱氮效率之间的关系。结果表明：脉冲曝气活性污泥LB-EPS的含量低于TB-EPS含量,且随着脉冲驯化的进行,EPS的含量持续增长。三维荧光图谱（3D-EEM）分析表明脉冲曝气的LB-EPS的色氨酸荧光峰产生红移,TB-EPS的色氨酸荧光强度增大,说明了脉冲曝气驯化过程导致了活性污泥胞外聚合物中色氨酸蛋白类物质含量呈增加趋势。对比研究表明：脉冲曝气氨氮（NH4+-N）去除率在80%左右,与连续曝气相近;而总氮（TN）去除率在50%左右,高于连续曝气20%。脉冲曝气下,EPS对于脱氮有抑制作用,EPS与NH4+-N及TN的去除率之间呈负相关的关系,LB-EPS与TN去除率之间负相关;TB-EPS与NH4+-N去除率负相关且关系显著。     

区域土地利用类型对水源水中溶解性有机物丰度和荧光组分的影响

以潮白河密云段水体为研究对象,采用三维荧光光谱法及平行因子分析解析了潮白河饮用水源中溶解性有机物(DOM)来源和荧光特性,结合方差分析探讨了不同季节和区域土地利用类型对DOM浓度和荧光组分强度的影响.结果表明,潮白河密云段水体荧光溶解性有机物(FDOM)由5种荧光组分组成,包括微生物腐殖质2种,自生酪氨酸,还原醌类和陆...     

污水处理厂污泥水溶解性有机物的光谱特性分析

污泥水是污水处理厂污泥浓缩、稳定、脱水等环节产生的废水,具有污染物浓度高、成分复杂的特点.采用三维荧光光谱和红外光谱研究了污泥水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的光谱特性.污泥水荧光性DOM(FDOM)可利用平行因子分析划分为6个荧光组分,分别为类蛋白质组分C1(275/355 nm)、C4(235/350 nm)和C6(275/305 nm),及类腐殖酸组分C2(250,340/440nm)、C3(320/380 nm)和C5(250/465 nm).重力浓缩和机械浓缩污泥水中COD与所有类腐殖酸组分均正显著相关(P0.01),类蛋白质组分对其影响不大.离心脱水污泥水中组分C1、C4和C5含量明显上升.深度脱水污泥水中FDOM荧光峰位置和强度与其它污泥水存在显著差异,C3和C6分别较离心脱水污泥水升高15.63和7.30倍.与浓缩污泥水相比,离心脱水污泥水中多糖和腐殖酸吸收峰增强,而深度脱水污泥水中蛋白质大量释放,金属离子会与腐殖酸和蛋白质络合引起DOM结构变化.     

长江下游居民区降水地表径流的污染特征

城市地表径流是重要非点源污染源之一,其研究对于我国城市水环境质量控制具有重要的现实意义.本文选择我国长江下游地区典型居民区下垫面作为研究对象,采集不同下垫面的多场降雨径流,探究分析其中主要金属污染物和溶解性有机质（DOM）的分布、结构特征和污染负荷.结果发现,不同下垫面地表径流中重金属均呈现一定程度的超标现象,其浓度由高到低排序为：Zn > Cu > Pb > Sb > Cd,不同下垫面地表径流污染特征呈现了显著的差异,交通主干道的金属和DOM污染均最为严重;不同下垫面有机质结构特性也呈现出了明显的差异;地表径流DOM与阳离子金属污染物（Cu）的结合作用强烈,紫外差分光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱显示其结合位点位于羧基、酚羟基和C＝C结构,而类金属污染物（Sb）则结合较弱,其在径流中可能以游离态存在;研究区域不同金属污染物对临近水体产生的污染年负荷依次为：Zn > Cu > Pb > Sb > Cd,无锡和南京采样区DOM的单位面积污染负荷分别为0.93 g·（m²·a）^-1和8.72 g·（m²·a）^-1.结果表明需要针对不同下垫面属性和不同污染物结构特征开展对应的污染拦截措施,相关结果可以为长江下游流域水环境质量改善提供参考信息.