RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPRAP IN STEEP CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: A series of flume tests were conducted to determine the flow resistance of angular shaped riprap in steep channels. Flow resistance was expressed in terms of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and the Manning's roughness coefficient. Prototype channels of 4 ft. (1.2 m) and 12 ft. (3.7 m) in width were constructed at slopes ranging from 0.01 to 0.20. The channel beds were comprised of angular riprap of median diameters of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 inches (2.59, 5.59, 10.41, 12.95, and 15.75 cms). The Darcy-Weisbach and Manning's coefficients were determined for each test condition prior to bed failure. The resulting Darcy-Weisbach coefficients were related to the channel energy gradient and the bed relative submergence for highly turbulent flow. Also, Manning's roughness coefficients were related to the product of the median stone diameter and energy gradient. Because of the angular shape of the riprap and the wedging and/or packing of the bed materials, the resistance to flow was found to exceed the flow resistance values predicted by previous studies. Expressions were presented for estimating the resistance to flow for angular riprap in steep channels.     

染料厂污染土壤中六氯苯的水淹法厌氧降解

以乙酸为碳源,采用正交实验的方法,探讨了水淹法厌氧降解某染料厂污染土壤中六氯苯的效果,研究考察了初始pH、反应温度和固液比3个环境因素对六氯苯降解率的影响,确定了六氯苯最佳的厌氧降解条件。结果表明,初始pH对土壤中六氯苯的降解率影响最大。在初始pH为5,反应温度为45℃,固液比为1∶1的最佳反应条件下,六氯苯的降解率最高达到52.56%。     

城镇化平原河网区下垫面特征变化及洪涝影响研究

城镇化是人类改变地表最深刻、最剧烈的过程之一,针对平原区城镇化引起的洪涝加剧问题,以浙东沿海奉化江流域中下游平原为例,利用高分辨率遥感影像和地形图资料获取1990~2010年间下垫面特征信息,从土地利用类型、河网水系和地面高程3个方面,分析城镇化过程中平原河网地区下垫面特征变化及其对区域洪涝调蓄能力的影响。研究结果表明:平原区城镇化对下垫面的影响不仅表现为城镇不透水面的增加,径流系数的增大,同时城镇扩张过程中农田和水系转化为城镇用地,而后者具有相对较高的防洪标准,使得新建城区地面高程明显增大,河网调蓄能力亦呈不断减少趋势。洪涝模拟显示以上下垫面变化导致区域可调蓄洪涝的空间逐渐减少,洪涝风险程度加大,并呈现向相对低洼地带转移的趋势特征。     

尾矿库溃坝风险定量评价方法探讨

针对目前尾矿库安全评价中无定量评价尾矿库溃坝风险的现状,坝体稳定性计算中未考虑到坝体实际为非均质体的特点,本文提出将容重、内摩擦角和凝聚力三者视为随机变量,采用蒙特卡洛模型计算尾矿坝溃坝失效概率;综合运用水文学、水动力学、非牛顿流体的运动理论,建立尾矿库溃坝后尾矿下泄模型,以计算溃坝淹没范围;综合考虑尾矿库溃坝后生命损失、财政损失和环境损失,计算尾矿库溃坝风险损失度;最终确定尾矿库溃坝风险度,以期提高尾矿库安全评价技术、确保尾矿库安全健康运行.     

外秦淮河生态护坡挺水植物适应性试验研究

针对外秦淮河的污染状况，采用挺水植物菖蒲和狭叶香蒲进行试验，对外秦淮河的污染水质进行净化；同时进行两种挺水植物在外秦淮河当前水质下的耐淹没性试验。通过试验研究得出，在深秋季节，虽然菖蒲和狭叶香蒲两种植物已经处于生长周期的最后阶段，但是对外秦淮河污染水质仍然有较好的净化效果，对TP、TN、氨氮等的去除率能达到80％以上，对CODMn的去除率偏低。而且通过净化和耐淹试验中两种植物的对比．菖蒲比狭叶香蒲更能适应外秦淮河的水质状况。     

外秦淮河生态护坡挺水植物适应性试验研究

针对外秦淮河的污染状况,采用挺水植物菖蒲和狭叶香蒲进行试验,对外秦淮河的污染水质进行净化;同时进行两种挺水植物在外秦淮河当前水质下的耐淹没性试验.通过试验研究得出,在深秋季节,虽然菖蒲和狭叶香蒲两种植物已经处于生长周期的最后阶段,但是对外秦淮河污染水质仍然有较好的净化效果,对TP、TN、氨氮等的去除率能达到80%以上,对CODMn的去除率偏低.而且通过净化和耐淹试验中两种植物的对比,菖蒲比狭叶香蒲更能适应外秦淮河的水质状况.     

含柔性植被明渠污染物浓度场分布规律试验研究

利用平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术对含柔性淹没植被明渠污染物浓度场进行试验研究.固定排污口于植被顶部,分析不同淹没度、不同植被密度下含植被水流浓度场的扩散规律.试验结果表明,随着淹没度的增加,污染物浓度沿流向下降变快,完全混合所需距离缩短;随着植被密度的增加,污染物浓度沿流向下降变快,完全混合所需距离缩短.随着淹没度的增加,垂向浓度半宽比横向浓度半宽大,垂向上的标量输移占主导地位.     

水稻新材料耐淹涝能力的比较研究

以“禾稗”ＤＮＡ导入后代及受体、供体为试验材料,应用地上部干重和根系干重的相对受害率（ＲＤ／％）,叶片的电导率（ｋ）和膜脂过氧化物的产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的增加量几个生长、生理指标,在苗期模拟没顶淹水处理２、４、６ｄ,比较研究了“禾稗”ＤＮＡ导入后代与供体、受体耐淹涝能力。结果显示：在淹涝胁迫下,“９４Ｄ－０５”、“９４Ｄ－３４”的干重ＲＤ／％分别小于它们的受 “科长早３号”和“圭６３０”,达到或接     

L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activities in submerged rice soil amended with municipal solid waste compost and decomposed cow manure

The field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) as a soil amendment on L-asparaginase (LA) and L-glutaminase (LG) activities. Experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1997, 1998 and 1999 on rice grown under a submerged condition, at the Agriculture Experimental Farm, Calcutta University at Baruipur, West Bengal, India. The treatments consisted of control, no input; MSWC, at 60 Kg N ha^{? 1}; well-decomposed cow manure (DCM), at 60 Kg N ha^{? 1}; MSWC (30 Kg N ha^{? 1}) + Urea (U) (30 Kg N ha^{? 1}); DCM (30 Kg N ha^{? 1}) + U (30 Kg N ha^{? 1}) and Fertilizer, (at 60:30:30 NPK kg ha^{? 1}) through urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash respectively). LA and LG activities alone and their ratio with organic-C (ratio index value, RIV), straw and grain yield were higher in DCM than MSWC-treated soils, due to higher amount of biogenic organic materials like water-soluble organic carbon, carbohydrate and mineralizable nitrogen in the former. The studied parameters were higher when urea was integrated with DCM or MSWC, compared to their single applications. The heavy metals in MSWC did not detrimentally influence the above-measured activities of soil. In the event of long term MSWC application, changes in soil quality parameters should be monitored regularly, since heavy metals once entering into soil persist over a long period.     

Impact assessment of a hydroelectric project on the flora in the Western Himalayan region based on vegetation analysis and socio-economic studies

This study provides an overview of the impacts of a proposed hydroelectric power project in the Western Himalayan region in India, using a primary database on floristic diversity and vegetation analysis. The remote sensing data revealed that in the submergence zone only mixed deciduous forest that occupies 807.5 ha area and has a wood biomass volume of 4,027,503 m³ is likely to be lost due to impoundment. A total of 165 plant species found in the submergence zone also occur in the influence and free draining catchment area of the project. In the influence zone of the project area only one tree species (Acer oblongum) is found under conservation threat category, which is also present in the free draining catchment of the project. The project affected population (6716 people) residing in the submergence and influence zone depend upon the surrounding forests for fuel wood, fodder, wild edibles etc., and most likely they will settle in the nearby areas, thus mounting more pressure on residual forests of the influence zone for various forest products. Further, from the vegetation analysis it is evident that several tree species (e.g. Lannea coromandelica, Terminalia alata, T. bellerica etc.), may face more pressure from exploitation as they provide a number of useful products and are represented in lower numbers in the forests of the project area. To compensate for the loss of various goods and services provided by the forests falling in the submergence zone and to offset the increased pressure of the project affected families on the forests of influence zone, a biodiversity management plan is suggested incorporating socio-economic considerations.