有机氮替代比例对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量及N2O排放的影响

控制农业温室气体排放(如N_2O)是减缓全球气候变暖的一个重要措施.本研究通过动态监测小麦-玉米轮作体系N_2O排放通量,探究不施任何肥料(对照,CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、75%NPK+25%(有机氮M)(25%M)、50%NPK+50%M(50%M)、25%NPK+75%M(75%M)以及100%M,即不同有机氮替代比例对陕西关中塿土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系N_2O排放及作物产量的影响.结果表明,各处理N_2O排放通量在施肥、降雨或灌水后出现排放峰值.在小麦季各处理变化幅度为-1.33~144.2μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),其中NPK处理峰值最高.玉米季各处理变化幅度为88.2~1 800.1μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),50%M处理峰值最高.小麦/玉米一个轮作年不同处理N_2O排放总量为429.8~2 632.1 g·hm~(-2),且50%M25%MNPK75%M100%MCK.无论小麦、玉米还是一个轮作年总产量,施肥处理产量均显著高于对照.小麦季,施用有机肥的处理小麦产量均显著高于单施化肥处理,增幅达26.1%~50.0%.玉米季,50%M和75%M处理产量与NPK相似,而25%M和100%M处理玉米产量显著低于NPK处理.小麦/玉米轮作总产量变幅为9 166~17 496 kg·hm~(-2),其中50%M和75%M处理显著高于NPK处理,25%M和100%M处理与NPK处理无显著差异.综合考虑塿土小麦/玉米轮作体系有机氮替代化肥氮75%最好,可以保证作物产量、实现N_2O减排.     

九龙江河口区夏季反硝化作用初探

河口反硝化是削减入海河流氮污染的重要途径,为探明地处亚热带的九龙江河口混合区的反硝化作用,于2010年7月开展13个站位的面上调查,利用N2：Ar法和膜进样质谱分析仪（MIMS）直接测定反硝化产物溶解N2浓度,用吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定溶解N2O浓度,并估算二者净增量和水气交换通量.结果表明,溶解N2和N2O净增量有明显的区域变化,从淡水端向海域减少,N2净增量为-9.9～66.8μmol.L-1,N2O净增量为4.3～31.5 nmol.L-1;N2O饱和度为170%～562%,平均352%;N2水气通量为-2.9～53.2 mmol.（m2.d）-1,N2 O水气通量为5.2～23.9μmol.（m2.d）-1,N2 O通量占总通量的0.03%～1.2%（平均0.25%）.温度和营养盐（氮、磷）是影响九龙江河口区反硝化作用的重要因子;淡水端（盐度〈0.5）反硝化作用及其空间分布主要受硝酸盐含量控制,海水端溶解N2与N2O的增加主要来自淡水端的输送,并受盐度梯度（混合作用）影响.     

环渤海湿地芦苇对TC、TN、TP吸收通量的研究

主要调查研究环渤海湿地芦苇对TC、TN、TP的吸收通量。调查表明,2008年环渤海湿地的芦苇面积为20.08×104hm2。2009年,芦苇总生物量在7月、10月和11月的调查结果分别为267.2×104t、183.4×104t和138.0×104t。7月、10月和11月,芦苇对TC的吸收通量分别为115.58×104t、80.68×104t、64.23×104t;对TN的吸收通量分别为4.03×104t、1.45×104t、0.84×104t;对TP的吸收通量分别为0.37×104t、0.10×104t、0.031×104t。     

亚热带稻田生态系统CO2通量的季节变化特征

为估算和评价稻田生态系统碳源/汇强度及其对大气CO₂浓度变化的贡献,研究了稻田生态系统与大气间CO₂交换通量的季节变化特征及其影响因素.采用涡度相关技术对我国亚热带稻田生态系统CO₂交换通量进行了连续监测,在数据剔除、校正和差补的基础上,对瞬时CO₂通量值进行计算求得日CO₂通量值和年CO₂通量值,并对CO₂通量季节变化及其与主要气象因子的关系进行了探讨.结果表明,稻田生态系统光合吸收CO₂通量（GPP）、呼吸排放CO₂通量（R_eco）和净吸收CO₂通量（NEE）的季节变化均呈6～9月较高,1～5月和10～12月较低的对称分布.其中5～9月水稻生长时期的NEE总量占年总量的80%以上,对年NEE总量起决定性作用.光合有效辐射（PAR）和日平均气温（T_a）是GPP与NEE季节变化的最主要影响因子,二者与GPP和NEE分别存在显著的二元线性关系.年净吸收CO₂总量为2?475.6 g/(m²·a),这表明我国亚热带稻田生态系统是大气CO₂的汇.     

壳聚糖络合-超滤耦合过程去除溶液中铅离子的研究

采用聚醚砜超滤膜,以壳聚糖为络合剂络合-超滤去除溶液中Pb2+,考察了溶液pH值、Pb2+/壳聚糖装载量比、离子强度和Ca2+各因素对Pb2+截留率的影响,同时研究了超滤浓缩时间对Pb2+截留率及膜通量的影响.结果表明,溶液pH是决定络合-超滤耦合过程能否进行的关键因素;在pH为6.0, Pb2+/壳聚糖装载量比为0.25时,络合-超滤耦合过程对溶液中Pb2+的截留率达99%以上.溶液离子强度和Ca2+的增加均不利于络合-超滤耦合过程对Pb2+的去除.对浓缩的壳聚糖-铅溶液酸化解络之后,进一步采用全过滤过程回收壳聚糖.回收后的壳聚糖重新用于络合-超滤耦合过程去除溶液中Pb2+,此时对Pb2+的去除率为96.2%,与新鲜的壳聚糖没有明显差别.研究结果显示采用壳聚糖络合-超滤耦合过程能有效去除溶液中铅离子,同时实现壳聚糖的有效回收.     

Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide fluxes in an urban lawn and adjacent bare soil in Guangzhou, China

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) fluxes from an urban Cynodon dactylon lawn and adjacent bare soil were measured during April–July 2005 in Guangzhou, China. Both the lawn and bare soil acted as sinks for COS and sources for DMS. The mean fluxes of COS and DMS in the lawn (–19.27 and 18.16 pmol/(m2 sec), respectively) were significantly higher than those in the bare soil (–9.89 and 9.35 pmol/(m2 sec), respectively). Fluxes of COS and DMS in mowed lawn were also higher than those in bare soils. Both COS and DMS fluxes showed diurnal variation with detectable but much lower values in the nighttime than in the daytime. COS fluxes were related significantly to temperature and the optimal temperature for COS uptake was 29°C. While positive linear correlations were found between DMS fluxes and temperature. COS fluxes increased linearly with ambient COS mixing ratios, and had a compensation point of 336 ppt.     

Reversibly enhanced aqueous solubilization of volatile organic compounds using a redox-reversible surfactant

Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) is an effective method for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated soils and groundwater. To reuse the surfactant the VOCs must be separated from the surfactant solutions. The water solubility of VOCs can be enhanced using reversible surfactants with a redox-acive group, (ferrocenylmethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium bromide (Fcl2) and (ferrocenylmethyl)tetradecanedimethylammonium bromide (Fcl4), above and below their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) under reducing (I⁺) and oxidative (I²⁺) conditions. The CMC values of Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ are 0.94 and 0.56 mmol/L and the solubilization of toluene by Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ for toluene is higher than the solubilization achieved with sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Trition X-114. The solubilization capacity of the ferrocenyl surfactants for each tested VOCs ranked as follows: ethylbenzene > toluene > benzene. The solubilities of VOCs by reversible surfactant in I⁺ were 30% higher than those in I²⁺ at comparable surfactant concentrations. The effects of Fcl4 concentrations on VOCs removal efficiency were as follows: benzene > toluene > ethylbenzene. However, an improved removal efficiency was achieved at low ferrocenyl surfactant concentrations. Furthermore, the reversible surfactant could be recycled through chemical approaches to remove organic pollutants, which could significantly reduce the operating costs of SER technology.     

含汞原料中汞挥发速率的测试方法研究

以PVC行业废汞触媒、糊式锌锰电池浆液、含汞锌膏为原料,采用动力通量箱法测试其挥发速率,研究了最佳试验操作条件。结果表明:通量箱气体流速在0.5 L/min以下,采用两级大型气泡吸收管吸收挥发汞时效率可达99%以上,增加1次空白测量可测得通量箱壁汞吸附量。     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

钦州湾无机氮入海通量及其富营养化症状分析

根据对环钦州湾区域的入海河流、直排海污染源及养殖废水无机氮入海通量的估算,2011年钦州湾无机氮入海通量约为7 655 t,其中入海河流无机氮入海通量占总量的96.4%,直排海污染源次之。入海无机氮占钦州湾无机氮总量的比重为36.7%,说明钦州湾已属中等强度人为影响海域。根据对钦州湾富营养化症状——叶绿素a含量的分析,钦州湾富营养化症状不明显,钦州湾整体的富营养化程度较低。因而仅以营养盐含量评价目标海域的富营养化程度,易失之偏颇,宜结合富营养化症状来判断目标海域的富营养化程度。