同步糖化发酵从厨余垃圾生产燃料乙醇的研究

由于厨余垃圾含有大量的水和有机物,成为垃圾收集与运输过程中腐败、发臭之源.为了寻找垃圾处理及再生利用的新方法,本文以北京科技大学学生二食堂的厨余垃圾为原料,应用同步糖化发酵(SSF)的方法制取燃料乙醇,探讨了其同步糖化发酵过程的影响因素.结果表明,在适宜的乙醇发酵条件范围内,乙醇产量最高为15.3mL/100 g有机垃圾,达到了回收厨余垃圾中有用的物质和能源,实现其资源化的目的.     

Estrogenic activities of two synthetic pyrethroids and their metabolites

Synthetic pyrethroids(SPs) are among the most common pesticides in current use,and so far,several SPs have been assessed for their potential estrogenicities by various methods.Previous studies have shown that the estrogenicities partly come from their metabolites.Although considerable information is available with respect to the metabolism and environmental degradation of SPs,little is known about the estrogenicities of the metabolites.In this study,permethrin(PM) and β-cypermethrin(CP),as well as their metabolites(3-phenoxybenzoic alcohol(PBCOH),3-phenoxybenzaldehyde(PBCHO) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid(PBCOOH) were evaluated for their estrogenic activities in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line.In the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay,PM and CP exhibited significant estrogenic activities at 10-7 mol/L,comparable to 17β-estradiol(E2 ) of 10-9 mol/L,with the relative proliferative effect ratios of 55.4% and 56.3%,respectively.The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) results confirmed the estrogenicities of PM and CP with significant alteration of pS2 and ERα mRNA levels observed at 10-6 mol/L.For the three major metabolites,PBCOH and PBCOOH exhibited estrogenic activities in all assays,while no significant estrogenic responses was observed for PBCHO compared to the vehicle control.In particular,PBCOH had even slightly stronger estrogenic activity than its parent compounds,indicating that metabolism may be one of the reasons for the estrogenicities of the SPs.Given the widespread use of SPs,the toxicological effects of parent compounds and their metabolites should be taken into consideration in the risk assessment of SPs.     

车用乙醇汽油能减轻环境污染吗?

乙醇,俗称酒精,它以玉米、小麦、薯类等为原料,经发酵、蒸馏而制成。然后将乙醇进一步脱水再加上适量汽油后形成变性燃料乙醇。所谓车用乙醇汽油,就是把变性燃料乙醇和汽油以一定比例混配形成的一种车用燃料。燃料乙醇是20世纪初面市的传统产品,后因石油的大规模、低成本而被淘汰。随着一些先进农业国劳动生产率的大幅度提高,以及20世纪70年代中期以来四次较大的“石油危机”,燃料乙醇工业又在世界许多国家得以迅速发展。美国1990年燃料乙醇销售量为265万吨,到2000年,已达559万吨,     

Conversion regular patterns of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in UASB reactor

On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the conversion capacity of the microbe is decided by the substrate characteristic when sole VFA is used as the only substrate. But when mixed substrates are used, the conversion regulations would have changed accordingly.Relationships of different substrates vary according to their locations. In the whole reactor, propionate‘s conversion is restrained by acetate and butyrate of high concentration. On the top and at the bottom of the reactor, conversion of acetate, but butyrate, is restrained by propionate. And in the midst, acetate‘s conversion is accelerated by propionate while that of butyrate is restrained. It is proved, based on the analysis of specific conversion rate, that the space distribution of the microbe is the main factor that affects substrates‘ conversion. The ethanol-type fermentation of the acidogenicophase is the optimal acid-type fermentation for the two-phase anaerobic process.     

贵金属氧化物阳极电解处理乙醇模拟废水的研究

采用热分解法在钛基体上制备了5种电极，并分别对乙醇模拟废水进行电解以降低COD值，研究了电极中SnO2含量对降低乙醇模拟有机废水COD的影响，并探讨了其机理。     

广西南宁发展燃料乙醇与节能减排的关系

摘要：根据生命周期评价,对燃料乙醇的节能和减排效果进行分析,依据发展规划,得出广西南宁发展燃料乙醇对节能减排的影响。结果表明,发展燃料乙醇将在节能和减排方面均产生积极作用,应加大在南宁乃至广西发展非粮燃料乙醇产业的力度。     

餐厨垃圾接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性研究

餐厨垃圾可定向发酵产乙醇,但复杂的预处理导致处理时间长、工艺复杂度增加. 本文通过直接接种酵母菌和灭菌后接种酵母菌对比试验,分析发酵系统内乙醇、乙醇前体物还原糖、还原糖前体物淀粉的降解与产生规律,探讨餐厨垃圾直接接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性及规律. 结果表明:酵母菌的添加能够促进餐厨垃圾固体厌氧发酵产生乙醇,接种酵母菌后乙醇浓度为11.86~12.09 g/L,是空白对照的8.41~31.50倍,且高于灭菌预处理后接种的6.88~10.02 g/L;基于修正的Gompertz模型分析也证实了上述结果,接种酵母菌后,系统产乙醇潜力(P_m)和单位最大乙醇产率(R_m)也随之上升,但接种量对餐厨垃圾的P_m和R_m影响不大. 对乙醇前体物还原糖的分析表明,接种酵母菌能够在发酵初期就可以发挥作用,促使系统内还原糖在0~4 h内快速降为43.37~46.55 mg/g,从而加速了餐厨垃圾的稳定化进程,但在4~24 h内,由于次生代谢物的抑制作用,系统内还原糖未出现明显的产生和降解. 还原糖前体物淀粉的水解情况分析表明,接种酵母菌可将淀粉的水解率由19.36%提高到27.90%~37.57%,但淀粉含量在274.02~316.51 mg/g之间时已不再发生水解. 研究显示,直接接种酵母菌有助于餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇含量的提高,体系中还原糖、淀粉含量并未成为餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇量的限制性因素.      

利用石油流化焦制备活性炭的研究

通过高温化学活化法和以高硫石油流化焦为原料、KOH为主要活化剂制备活性炭,研究了碱焦比、乙醇或丙酮和氮气流保护等对活性炭性能的影响。实验在直立管式炉内进行,选用单因素实验,结合比表面积和孔隙表征、元素分析、工业分析及苯酚吸附值测定,对样品进行评价。结果表明:活性炭比表面积和总孔容积随碱焦比增加而增加;乙醇或丙酮配入能提高样品比表面积和孔隙特性及其苯酚吸附能力;采用无氮气流保护反应系统,能增加样品BET表面积和总孔容积,并降低硫氮含量。     

废物乙醇化处理进展

废物乙醇发酵是废物资源化的途径之一,包括废物的预处理,乙醇发酵菌株的选育,乙醇发酵新技术,新工艺的采用等重要内容。同酵母发酵乙醇相比,利用细菌发酵产乙醇具有产率和转化率高,平均发酵速度快等优点,是研究的热点之一,特别是热纤核菌和热糖核菌能直接发酵纤维类废物为乙醇,它们的发现使纤维类废弃物的资源化向前迈进了一大步。同时,人们利用基因工程的手段,改变原菌株的遗传物质,构建“超级菌”,来满足乙醇发酵的要求,同一般发酵技术相比,细胞固定化拄术具有使发酵过程连续运行又具有细胞浓度大,产乙醇效率高等优点。有效的乙醇分离技术包括分离膜、萃取、真空等,它们能降低发酵液中乙醇的浓度,保证酵母的发酵活性,从而提高乙醇的产量。因此,废物乙醇化技术是一个具有巨大潜力的处理废物的新领域。     

汽油中典型苯系物在静止水相中的溶解及乙醇增溶效应研究

汽油中典型苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯和3种二甲苯的同分异构体,统称BTEX)在含水介质中的溶解情况直接关系到下游BTEX污染程度和污染范围,是汽油泄漏区制定污染场地修复计划的关键资料。为探究汽油BTEX在静止水相中的溶解情况及乙醇对BTEX溶解的影响,利用微元体开展了传统汽油和乙醇汽油(乙醇体积分数10%)静态溶解批实验。结果表明:在静止水相中,油水体积比为1∶70的条件下,水相中BTEX浓度在前9天呈线性快速上升,第13天后进入平衡状态,平衡质量浓度为119.63～130.76mg/L,溶解速度为8.39～13.75mg/(L·d)。乙醇对汽油中的BTEX有一定增溶作用,但效果不明显,且BTEX在乙醇汽油中的溶解速度比传统汽油慢。砂层对BTEX存在吸附作用,可以增强BTEX的溶解。Raoult定律能较好地预测汽油BTEX在静止水相中的溶解,其中高溶解度组分苯和甲苯的实测浓度与预测浓度较为接近。