多种竹子,还是多种树?

自古以来,竹子就是一种人们喜爱的建筑材料.然而,工业社会以来,人们用到竹子的地方越来越少.近年来,环保人士认识到竹子是一种很好的环保材料,并号召工业界采用竹子作为原料.基于这样的认识,竹子建筑和竹子工业产品越来越多,甚至不少机械产品也用竹子代替钢材和塑料.     

北京市三种典型城市绿地类型的保健功能分析

随着城市化进程的加快,越来越多的城市居民的健康受到城市污染的影响,因而城市绿地对人体的保健作用日益受到重视。通过实地监测的方法,选择北京3种典型类型的绿地、在不同空间以及不同的季相条件组合下,对形成绿地保健功能的空气负离子浓度、空气温度、湿度、二氧化碳浓度、噪音等因子进行了研究。结果表明：（1）不同绿地类型的保健功能有较大的差距,以同一时段空气中的负离子浓度为例,其最大值发生在郊野公园（1810cm^-3）,高于单位绿地（980cm^-3）,远高于作为对照的商业中心（110cm^-3）;（2）在同一绿地的不同空间位置也存在明显差异,以道路绿化防护林带为例,林带中心空气中的负离子浓度高达1900cm-^-3,高于林缘（591cm^-3）和林外（120cm^-3）;（3）同一绿地保健功能随季相变化发生明显改变,在有叶期的道路绿化防护林带中心的空气负离子浓度（1900cm^-3）是落叶期相同位置空气中负离子浓度（750cm-^-3）的两倍多。空气温湿度、噪音、CO2浓度的空间和时间上的变化类似于空气负离子。本研究获得的数据支持了城市绿地保健功能理论,可为合理设计城市绿地增强其保健功能提供依据。     

免耕对华北平原潮土N2O和CO2排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了免耕和常规耕作下玉米生长季华北平原潮土N2O和CO2的排放特征.结果表明,免耕土壤N2O累积排放量(以N2O-N计,下同)为0.31 kg· hm-2,略高于常规耕作土壤的0.27 kg·hm-2,两者没有显著差异.灌水、强烈降水或连续阴天会诱发土壤大量排放N2O,免耕处理N2O排放峰值(28.1 ～38.4μg·m-2·h-1)高于常规耕作处理(18.6 ～25.7 μg·m-2·h-1).免耕处理CO2累积排放量(以CO2-C计,下同)为1 880 kg·hm-2,显著高于常规耕作土壤的1 333 kg·hm-2.土壤N2O和CO2排放通量与土壤温度呈显著指数相关,常规耕作处理下的相关程度更高.     

河口沼泽湿地转化为养虾塘对土壤胞外酶活性及CO2和CH4产生潜力的影响

揭示河口沼泽湿地围垦为水产养殖塘对土壤胞外酶活性和含碳温室气体产生的影响,可为评估土地利用/覆盖变化对滨海蓝碳湿地生态系统碳循环的影响提供科学依据.以闽江河口为研究区,对芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地、短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)湿地土壤(0～30 cm)和由其围垦成的养虾塘沉积物(0～30 cm)进行配对采集.通过室内厌氧培养实验,测定沼泽湿地土壤及由其围垦成的养虾塘沉积物的土壤胞外酶活性和CO₂、CH₄产生潜力.与河口沼泽湿地0～30 cm深度土壤相比,养虾塘0～30 cm深度沉积物4种土壤胞外酶活性均值降低27.3%.河口沼泽湿地转化为养虾塘后含碳温室气体产生潜力发生显著变化,芦苇沼泽、短叶茳芏沼泽、互花米草沼泽围垦成养虾塘后CO₂产生潜力分别增加5.1%、38.5%、38.8%,CH₄产生潜力分别降低24.9%、11.1%、21.1%,有机碳厌氧矿化速率分别增加4.9%、38.6%、38....     

中国分省道路交通二氧化碳排放因子

基于本地化的综合移动源排放模型（Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator,MOVES）模型模拟典型机动车的CO₂排放因子,并建立排放因子与速度变化关系的评估方程,结合各省路网平均速度与区域电网排放因子核算中国31个省份分车型的CO₂排放因子.同时,综合考虑载客汽车的载客量和客座率,载货汽车的载重量和载货率,建立各省单位客运,货运周转量的机动车CO₂排放因子库.结果表明,各类机动车的平均CO₂排放因子分别为：柴油公交车0.880kgCO₂/km,重型货车0.877kgCO₂/km,电动公交车0.676kgCO₂/km,中型货车0.508kgCO₂/km,轻型货车0.374kgCO₂/km,柴油小客车0.227kgCO₂/km,微型货车0.216kgCO₂/km,汽油小客车0.203kgCO₂/km,电动小客车0.108kgCO₂/km,摩托车0.062kgCO₂/km.车辆满载时,柴油公交车和电动公交车的人均CO₂排放量比汽油小客车分别降低了63%和73%,电动小客车的人均CO₂排放量较汽油和柴油小客车分别下降了46%和51%.较高的机动车保有量,频繁的道路拥堵导致上海,北京和重庆等市的机动车CO₂排放因子相对较高.倡导公共交通,提高客座率,降低私家车使用频率,推广纯电动汽车并通过减少道路拥堵以提高车速是降低道路交通CO₂排放量的有效途径.     

哈龙固定灭火系统替代技术

介绍了哈龙固定灭火系统淘汰背景,哈龙灭火系统替代技术发展现状。结合消除建审工作经验,阐述了作为哈龙替代系统且目前在国内工程实践中应用的CO2灭火系统、INERGEN灭火系统、FM-200灭火系统及EBM灭火系统主要性能及与哈龙系统的差异,探讨哈龙替代系统技术发展趋势,对气体灭火系统设计选型有一定参考价值。     

内蒙古典型草原土壤不同剖面深度CO_2通量格局及其驱动因子

土壤CO2的释放能够显著增加大气牛CO2的浓度,增强温室效应,从而对全球气候和环境变化产生重要影响.但是,不同的土壤层对CO2通量的贡献量有很大的差异.文章通过挖坑法结合红外气体分析法研究了内蒙古草原典犁针茅(Stipa krylovii)群落和羊草(Leymus chinensis)群落不同剖面深度土壤CO2通量格局以及影响CO2通量的驱动因素.结果表明,表层土壤移走后,土壤CO2通量的变化可分为瞬时、短期、长期三种格局.新剖面上最初的0～21 min内释放的CO2通量最均大于初始土壤表层CO2通量,而且两者比值随土壤深度增加而增大,也随土壤CO2生产能力增强而增大.2～4 d后,新剖面CO2通量持续下降至低于初始土壤表层CO2通量的水平.形成短期稳定状态.更长时间后,新剖面则逐渐表现出与初始土壤剖面表层相近的CO2通量特征.我们认为,(1)在新剖面形成时的CO2通量瞬时和短期格局主要受土壤中存留的原始CO2的浓度及其扩散过程控制,(2)长期格局则由资源水平和环境条件共同决定的土壤CO2生产能力主导.文章进一步揭示了建立包含垂直分层的SOC分解和CO2扩散过程的生态系统模型的必要性.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

三峡库区小江回水区二氧化碳分压的时空变化特征分析

2009年9月～2010年4月在三峡库区与小江交汇的回水区的典型段面测量了该区域水体表层水和水体内部两部分水体中的有关物理化学参数,并利用这些水化学特征值通过水化学平衡模型计算出该区域水体CO2的分压。得出该区域水体中的CO2分压在一定时空范围内的变化特征。并对该区域有关水质参数与CO2的分压进行了相关性分析,得出其相关系数。指出了水体CO2分压与水体碳循环的关系。通过对三峡库区小江流域这一典型回水区域水体的CO2分压的分析研究,可望为三峡库区及其它同类型区域水体的二氧化碳分压研究提供一个分析案例,也为今后进一步从事水库温室效应的研究提供参考