重庆市夏秋季VOCs对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

为估算重庆市夏秋季VOCs（挥发性有机物）对O₃和SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的生成潜势,利用在线GC-MS/FID在2015年8月22日-9月23日对重庆市区点和郊区点VOCs开展了为期一个月的实时观测,获得市区点和郊区点$ \varphi $（TVOCs）（总挥发性有机物）分别为41.35×10-9和22.72×10-9,其中市区点以烷烃（35.2%）和烯炔烃（25.2%）为主,郊区点以含氧挥发性有机物（oxygenated volatile organic compounds,OVOCs）（30.6%）和烷烃（26.0%）为主.结合最大增量反应活性量化市区点和郊区点VOCs的OFPs（臭氧生成潜势）分别为149.11×10-9和71.09×10-9,市区点OFPs最大的是乙烯、丙烯、甲苯、C8和C9的芳香烃等,郊区点OFPs最大的VOCs是丙烯醛、异戊二烯和甲基乙烯基酮.结合气溶胶生成系数量化郊区点和市区点VOCs对SOA的生成贡献分别为0.36和1.26 μg/m3,相比国内其余城市VOCs的SOAP（二次有机气溶胶生成潜势）较小,主要以甲基环己烷、正壬烷、正葵烷和十一烷等高碳烷烃,以及甲苯、苯、二甲苯和乙苯等芳香烃的SOAP为主.研究显示,控制烯炔烃和芳香烃的浓度有助于控制重庆市O₃的生成,控制高碳烷烃和芳香烃则有助于控制重庆市SOA的生成.      

医疗废物焚烧烟气中二(口恶)英排放特征研究

医疗废物焚烧是二(口恶)英排放的重点源,但缺乏对其系统、全面的研究,为进一步明确其二(口恶)英排放水平和分布特征,获得二(口恶)英排放监控的重要基础数据,以3处医疗废物焚烧炉为研究对象,采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用仪对烟气中二(口恶)英进行测定和分析。结果表明,烟气中二(口恶)英质量浓度均值为2.379 ng/Nm~3,毒性当量浓度均值为0.249 ng/I-TEQ Nm~3,达到国家排放标准;同系物指纹特征分布以PCDFs为主,质量浓度和毒性当量浓度贡献率最大的单体分别为1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF;2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对I-TEQ相关性最好,相关系数R~2达0.959,可作为指示单体;排放因子均值为6.087μg I-TEQ/t,明显高于生活垃圾焚烧炉,需引起更多关注。     

软测量建模技术在常减压装置的研究与应用

针对常减压装置常压塔的过程数据存在多种不确定性,其软测量模型受多种因素的相互影响,普适性较差的问题,为了实现数据预处理,分别使用小波和盒图组合的算法进行基于单变量的异常识别、鲁棒偏最小二乘方法(RPLS)进行基于多变量的异常识别;运用网格搜索法对再采样间隔和最大滞后时间对模型性能的影响进行了研究。优选出最佳动态输入变量后,对比偏最小二乘(PLS)、人工神经网络(ANN)和支持向量机(SVM)等方法的软测量模型效果,优选最佳的建模方法。依据常减压工艺数据的特点,提出运用移动窗口的方法进行模型的在线更新,从而形成实用的常压塔顶石脑油干点软测量建模方法。经测试,该方法具有良好的准确性和普适性。     

城镇排水系统中初雨调蓄池的应用与探讨

近年来,我国水环境质量总体持续改善,对生态环境的重视也越来越高,很多城市已经建设雨水调蓄池,从而截留初雨中的污染物,本文就蓄水池的功能和在城市排水系统中的应用做简要的分析探讨,并进一步的分析了其运行模式,希望通过本文,能够给相关工作者带来帮助。     

粉煤灰综合利用过程中汞的二次释放规律研究

我国粉煤灰年产生量4亿t左右,近年来利用率稳定在65%～68%,主要利用方式包括建材生产、道路施工、建筑工程和农业利用.建材生产包括高温工序,可能存在粉煤灰中汞的二次释放.本研究设计实验模拟了水泥生产、蒸养砖生产的主要环境因素,利用程序升温脱附的方法研究粉煤灰利用过程中的汞迁移转化规律,并对全国范围内粉煤灰利用过程汞的二次释放量做出估算.研究发现,粉煤灰中的汞以HgCl2(Hg2Cl2)、HgS和HgO的形式存在;水泥生产过程中,粉煤灰中98%以上的汞会释放;蒸养砖生产过程中,粉煤灰中汞的平均释放率为28%,释放率主要受到粉煤灰中的HgCl2(Hg2Cl2)比例的影响.我国粉煤灰利用过程中的汞二次排放量由2002年的4.07 t.a-1增至2008年的9.18 t.a-1,其中水泥行业的贡献率占到96.6%.     

东海大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的分布特征及来源

大气气溶胶中的二元羧酸因其在全球气候变化中的潜在作用而受到广泛关注.利用2011年5月12日-6月6日在东海采集的气溶胶样品,分析其中水溶性二元羧酸及常量离子浓度,探讨东海气溶胶中二元羧酸的时空分布特征及来源.结果显示东海大气气溶胶中乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸的浓度分别为26.0～1475.5 ng·m-3、0.1 ～61.4 ng·m-3和0.1～132.4 ng·m-3,乙二酸在这3种二元羧酸中的贡献最大,为88.3％.东海气溶胶中二元羧酸浓度的昼夜变化不显著.空间分布整体呈现近海高、远海低的趋势.气团的来源和迁移路径以及气象因素影响气溶胶中二元羧酸的分布,气团来自污染较重的陆源时气溶胶中二元羧酸的浓度较高,气团来自清洁的海洋源时,二元羧酸的浓度则较低;阴雾天气时气溶胶中二元羧酸浓度相对较高,降雨发生时二元羧酸的浓度较低.二元羧酸与常量离子的相关性分析表明,自然源和人为源释放的挥发性有机物质在液相中氧化生成二元羧酸是东海大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的主要源,而汽车尾气和生物质燃烧的一次排放、海洋源以及碱性粗颗粒吸收气体二元羧酸不是主要源.液相中乙醛酸氧化形成的乙二酸和长链二元羧酸氧化形成的乙二酸对东海气溶胶中乙二酸的贡献分别为41％和59％.     

电除尘器中水雾雾化特性及对除尘性能的影响

湿式电除尘器将水雾除尘与电除尘技术相结合,可以有效地对细颗粒物进行收集,抑制了二次扬尘的发生。通过研究电除尘器喷淋系统的雾化特性,以及不同供水压力对水雾荷电的影响,并测得其分级效率。研究结果表明:在供水压力为0.4 MPa时,湿式电除尘器的除尘效率大于99.5%;在喷雾粒径为100μm时,对10μm以下的细颗粒物除尘效率大于92%。通过分析,为湿式除尘器喷淋系统设计提供了依据。     

Biodegradation of 2-methylquinoline by Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D isolated from activated sludge

Bacterial strain Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D capable of utilizing 2-methylquinoline as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from acclimated activated sludge under denitrifying conditions. The ability to degrade 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was investigated under denitrifying conditions. Under optimal conditions of temperature (35℃) and initial pH 7, 2-methylquinoline of 100 mg/L was degraded within 176 hr. The degradation of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D could be well described by the Haldane model (R² > 0.91). During the degradation period of 2-methylquinoline (initial concentration 100 mg/L), nitrate was almost completely consumed (the removal efficiency was 98.5%), while nitrite remained at low concentration (< 0.62 mg/L) during the whole denitrification period. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, 4-ethyl-benzenamine, N-butyl-benzenamine, N-ethyl-benzenamine and 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine were metabolites produced during the degradation. The degradation pathway of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was proposed. 2-Methylquinoline is initially hydroxylated at C-4 to form 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline, and then forms 2-methyl-4-quinolinol as a result of tautomerism. Hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring at positions 2 and 3 produces 2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-4-quinolinol. The carbon-carbon bond at position 2 and 3 in the heterocyclic ring may cleave and form 2-ethyl-N-ethyl-benzenamine. Tautomerism may result in the formation of 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine and N-butyl-benzenamine. 4-Ethyl-benzenamine and N-ethyl-benzenamine were produced as a result of losing one ethyl group from the above molecules.     

以废气为热源生产二水氯化钙的新工艺

针对在氯化法生产钛白粉的过程中产生的大量高热值废气和氯化钙废水,提出以废气为热源生产二水氯化钙的新工艺。以焚烧的方式处理氯化尾气,将产生的热量用于浓缩蒸发氯化钙废水,生产工业级二水氯化钙产品,达到以废治废的目的。不仅处理了工业废气和废水,在节约能源的同时创造了一定的经济效益。     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,