洪水多站峰量同时模拟的随机模型

洪水过程是一复杂的随机动力系统，随机模拟技术至今仍是研究洪水过程时空统计特性的有力工具。该文以同时模拟上游站、下游站及其区间的最大洪峰流量、最大五日洪量和最大十二日洪量为例，建立了一种简便而适用的随机模型。实例结果表明，该随机模型是可行而有效的，在水资源系统工程的理论与实践中具有重要价值。     

电化学法处理高盐苯酚废水的研究

对在氯盐电解质中用电化学方法处理含酚废水进行了研究，着重探讨了盐的种类与浓度、反应温度与溶液：pH、电流密度、苯酚初始浓度及阴阳极转换频率对苯酚去除率的影响。在Na2SO4的浓度为0．2mol／L，NaCl的浓度为0．1mol／L、苯酚初始质量浓度为200mg／L、电流密度为0．04A／cm^2、温度为35℃、pH为12．5、阴阳极转换频率为5min/次及反应时间为200min的条件下，苯酚的去除率为99．5％，COD去除率为5％，CIO^-把苯酚氧化成了其他有机化合物。     

Optimization of enrichment processes of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from water samples

The method of enriching PCP( pentachlorophenol ) from aquatic environment by solid phase extraction (SPE) was studied.Several factors affecting the recoveries of PCP, including sample pH, eluting solvent, eluting volume and flow rate of water sample, were optimized by orthogonal array design(OAD). The optimized results were sample pH 4; eluting solvent, 100% methanol; eluting solvent volume, 2 ml and flow rate of water sample, 4 ml/min. A comparison is made between SPE and liquid-liquid extraction(LLE) method. The recoveries of PCP were in the range of 87.6%-133.6% and 79%-120.3% for SPE and LLE, respectively. Important advantages of the SPE compared with the LLE include the short extraction time and reduced consumption of organic solvents. SPE can replace LLE for isolating and concentrating PCP from water samples.     

Kinetics study on catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol by several metal oxide catalysts

Four metal oxide catalysts composed of copper (Cu), stannum (Sn), copper-stannum (Cu-Sn) and copper-cerium(Cu-Ce) respectively were prepared by the co-impregnation method, and γ-alumina(γ-Al2O3 ) is selected as support. A first-order kinetics model was established to study the catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol at different temperature when these catalysts were used. The model simulations are good agreement with present experimental data. Results showed that the reaction rate constants can be significantly increased when catalysts were used, and the catalyst of 6% Cu-10% Ce/γ-Al2 O3 showed the best catalytic activity. This is consistent witht he result of catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol and the COD removal can be arrived at 98.2% at temperature 210℃, oxygen partial pressure 3 MPa and reaction time 30 rain. The activation energies of each reaction with different catalysts are nearly equal, which is found to be about 42 kJ/mol and the reaction in this study is proved to be kinetics control.     

纳米零价铁改性膜强化厌氧生物处理氯酚废水

针对厌氧生物技术处理氯酚废水驯化周期长和纳米零价铁易团聚的问题,采用压滤法制备纳米零价铁改性聚偏氟乙烯膜（nZVI@PVDF）,并将其与厌氧生物体系耦合处理氯酚废水,通过序批实验探究nZVI@PVDF对耦合体系脱氯、水解酸化、产甲烷阶段的影响.结果表明,48h内,包含3种不同nZVI负载量（0.075,0.15,0.3g）的nZVI@PVDF膜耦合体系的2-氯酚（2-CP）去除率分别为99%、97.6%和91.8%,而未添加nZVI@PVDF的对照组仅为62.7%;72h内耦合体系的COD去除率分别为88.2%、89.1%、89.4%,而对照组COD去除率为63.6%;耦合体系的顶空甲烷占比分别为25.16%、25.98%、26.80%,而对照组仅为16.82%.投加产甲烷抑制剂的条件下,nZVI@PVDF刺激了脂肪酸的生成.nZVI@PVDF促进了氯酚的脱氯、脂肪酸和甲烷的生成.     

铁元素对有机物厌氧降解的影响研究

不同价态的铁元素氧化还原性不同,对有机物的厌氧生物降解过程的影响也不同。以邻氟苯酚和硝基苯为目标污染物,投铁量为20～100mg／L的条件下,单质铁能加速硝基苯的厌氧降解,对2-氟酚降解的影响则很小;二价铁和三价铁对两种物质都表现出一定的抑制作用,投加浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。     

水源水Fe(Ⅵ)与Mn(Ⅶ)预氧化对天然有机物的组成特征及消毒副产物生成势的影响

溶解有机物（DOM）普遍存在于地表水源中,是饮用水消毒副产物的重要前驱物.本研究考察了Fe(Ⅵ)与Mn(Ⅶ)预氧化对浙江东部某水源水中DOM的组成特征及消毒副产物生成势的影响.运用三维荧光光谱（3D-EEMs）分析了两种氧化剂在不同的浓度梯度下对水样进行预氧化后,水样DOM的荧光光谱特性、荧光特征参数和荧光组分等的变化情况,及氯化后消毒副产物（DBPs）的生成情况.结果表明,水源水水样DOM的来源主要为陆源与内源混合且具有一定的腐殖质化程度,Mn(Ⅶ)和Fe(Ⅵ)预氧化不仅对荧光DOM具有较好的降解效果,对腐殖质类DOM也具有一定的降解作用.在DBPs的生成势方面,Mn(Ⅶ)预氧化对三氯甲烷（TCM）生成势的变化呈现出先增强后减弱的现象,对二氯乙腈（DCAN）的生成势具有一定的减弱作用.而Fe(Ⅵ)预氧化对三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)、溴氯乙腈(BCAN)、二溴乙腈（DBAN）和DCAN的生成势均具有明显的降低作用,对二氯一溴甲烷(DCBM)、二溴一氯甲烷（DBCM）和三溴甲烷（TBM）生成势的变化呈现出先增强后减弱的现象.研究结果推动了水源水氧化消毒工艺的发展并为相关研究提供理论指...     

用SOS/umu测试评价光电催化降解五氯酚过程的遗传毒性特征

采用SOS/umu测试研究了五氯酚水溶液在光电催化反应过程中的遗传毒性变化及降解产物对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA1535/pSK1002的细胞毒性,并与五氯酚在直接光解、光催化反应过程中的降解产物进行了比较.五氯酚光电催化降解过程中降解产物对测试菌种的细胞毒性逐渐降低,产物经代谢活化的细胞毒性低于直接光解、光催化降解五氯酚的产物.五氯酚经光电催化降解15￣45分钟的产物经代谢活化测试结果呈阳性,在60￣120分钟的降解产物呈阴性,说明五氯酚的光电催化降解过程中生成了间接遗传毒性物质,但该类物质能够在光电催化过程中被去除.而五氯酚经直接光解、光催化处理120分钟的产物均具有遗传毒性风险.本研究结果表明光电催化技术的环境安全性优于直接光解、光催化技术.此外,SOS/umu测试作为一种简单、灵敏的遗传毒性物质检测方法,适合于评价光电催化技术的遗传毒性特征,可以作为评价该技术环境安全性的生态毒理学方法之一.