安全现状评价的程序

安全评价过程本身是评价质量的具体体现，将安全评价工作程序化、标准化是提高安全评价质量的有效方法。陕西秦安煤矿安全评价事务有限公司通过对72个煤矿进行的安全现状综合评价，积累了宝贵的实践经验，形成了一套较科学的评价工作程序。该程序分为7个阶段(见图1)。     

食品中亚硝酸盐过量的危害与防治

硝酸盐是自然界广泛存在的一种无机盐．人类的食品与饮水中均含有微量的硝酸盐。但在某些情况下，食品中硝酸盐的含量会激增，存在于食品中过量的硝酸盐在一系列细菌的硝基还原酶的作用下，可将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐。食品中的亚硝酸盐过量是引发人中毒、致癌、死亡的原因之一，所以食品中亚硝酸盐过量存在问题已引起世界各国科学界极大关注。     

浅谈学生作文材料的获取

有了感悟生活为源泉,观察生活为基础,积累素材为保证,再加上教师的精心指导,我相信,学生的作文水平一定会有一个新的跨越!     

洞庭湖表层沉积物中重金属污染评价与分析

为了解综合治理后洞庭湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布及污染程度,2015年12月对洞庭湖沅江市南嘴等31个点位采集0~20 cm沉积物,测定了沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的含量,基于地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属的污染状况进行了分析与评价。结果表明,洞庭湖重金属污染有所改善,但仍比较严重,以Cd最为严重,其次是Pb和As,且三大湖区重金属污染程度顺序为南洞庭湖>东洞庭湖>西洞庭湖;地积累指数法显示洞庭湖表层沉积物中7种重金属元素的污染程度顺序为Cd>Pb>As>Zn>Cu=Cr>Hg;潜在生态风险指数法显示洞庭湖表层沉积物中7种重金属元素的潜在生态风险因子的大小顺序为Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Cu>Zn=Cr。对洞庭湖沉积物中重金属的分布及来源分析发现,湘江、沅江、资江入口为重金属Cd污染最严重的3个点位,Cd主要来源于湘江、资江、沅江;Pb含量最高的点位为东洞庭湖龙口村,达到138.7 mg/kg,为工业企业集中区;Hg含量最高的点位依次为沅水入口、目平湖中与南,Hg的污染分别主要来源于沅水和周边27家污染企业;As含量最高的点位依次为澧水入口、湘江入口、资水入口和大通湖渔场内湖,说明澧水、湘江、资水给洞庭湖带来了As的污染,而大通湖渔场内湖的As来源于附近工农业污染。因此,治理湘江、沅江、资江流域重金属污染是控制洞庭湖Cd、Pb、As和Hg污染的重点途径。研究结果为洞庭湖水资源保护与有效利用、经济可持续发展及合理规划提供了指导作用。     

沉水植物对水体营养的响应及氮磷积累特征

以太湖中沉水植物优势种金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)为研究对象,研究了不同水体营养水平(低浓度TN 0.47 mg/L,TP 0.021 mg/L;中浓度TN 1.40 mg/L,TP0.072 mg/L;高浓度TN 2.18 mg/L,TP 0.090 mg/L)对其生物量、各器官形态指标及氮磷积累的影响。结果表明:植物生长指标方面,苦草、狐尾藻、金鱼藻在中浓度条件下的生物量增长幅度最大;植物茎叶指标随水体营养的变化与根长变化趋势不一致。植物各器官氮、磷含量均随水体营养变化保持相似的规律,且植物氮含量为叶茎根,植物磷含量为根茎、叶。氮磷积累方面,4种沉水植物的叶片氮元素积累的能力显著高于茎和根;低浓度下狐尾藻的氮积累量最大,苦草磷积累量最大,两者适合低浓度下种植收割去除水体环境中的氮、磷;中、高浓度下金鱼藻的氮磷积累量均为最大(中浓度下N 6 587.37 mg/m~2,P 744.63 mg/m~2;高浓度下N 6 096.63 mg/m~2,P 692.36 mg/m~2),其可作为较高营养浓度下种植、刈割转移水体氮磷的理想物种。     

废弃尾矿库15种植物对重金属Pb、Zn的积累和养分吸收

在废弃的铅锌尾矿库进行人工植被恢复试验.对3年生15种植物重金属积累和养分吸收特性的研究表明,植物对土壤重金属和养分的吸收积累因植物种类、部位、金属种类和种植时间的不同而有显著差异.树木不同器官Pb质量浓度高低的总趋势为根〉叶〉茎,部分树种Zn质量浓度表现为叶〉根和茎;在15种参试植物中,加拿大紫荆根系Pb和Zn质量浓度均处于最高水平（分别为1 803 mg.kg-1和2 120 mg.kg-1）,盐肤木具有最高的茎枝Pb、叶片Pb和Zn质量浓度（分别为280、546和1 507 mg.kg-1）,旱柳具有最高的茎枝Zn质量浓度（729 mg.kg-1）和较高的叶片Zn质量浓度（1 153 mg.kg-1）.枫香、紫花苜蓿对Pb,旱柳、盐肤木、紫花苜蓿对Zn的转移系数TF值均〉1.植物Pb的富集系数BCF值均小于0.17,旱柳、盐肤木、紫花苜蓿Zn的BCF值达0.37～0.43.固氮植物体内N含量显著高于其它植物,火炬树、臭椿对P和夹竹桃对K的吸收积累能力强.随着种植时间的增加,植株体内有重金属质量浓度增加、营养元素含量下降的趋势.盐肤木、旱柳等重金属积累树种及紫穗槐、紫花苜蓿、截叶胡枝子、桤木等固氮植物在铅锌尾矿治理中具有应用前景.     

全新世哈尼泥炭地碳积累速率及影响因素

本工作研究了全新世中国东北地区哈尼泥炭地的碳积累速率与气候变化的响应机制。综合多指标腐殖化度、有机碳含量、干容重和纤维素碳氧同位素重建了哈尼地区全新世气候变化历史,并且基于定年、有机碳含量和干容重得到碳积累速率数据。哈尼泥炭时间加权平均碳积累速率28.3gC/(m2·a)。B/A暖期后期温暖湿润气候有利于碳积累,出现碳积累高峰。相对寒冷的新仙女木期碳积累速率有所降低。温暖湿润早中全新世虽有高泥炭分解,但高初级生产力还是占据主导作用,出现高碳积累速率。期间有两次火山碎屑层扰动了泥炭发育,导致碳积累速率下降。高碳积累速率一直持续到4ka BP左右大暖期结束。4.0~1.6ka BP太平洋季风减弱,泥炭表面偏干,加之降温导致低初级生产力,最终导致此阶段碳积累速率显著降低。之后季风不断增强,碳积累速率也随之增加。八次IRD降温,小冰期和新仙女木降温在哈尼都是冷湿气候组合。冷湿气候虽使有机物分解降低,但更大程度的抑制了初级生产力发展,导致低碳积累速率。     

金鱼藻对14CO2的吸收和积累动态

为了探明14CO2(14C)在环境中的行为,采用同位素示踪技术研究了金鱼藻对14CO2的吸收和积累动态,并探讨了金鱼藻作为监测大气14CO2污染指示植物的可能性.结果表明,生长在水中的金鱼藻会通过某些途径吸收空气中14CO2并形成积累趋势,吸收途径主要是金鱼藻通过光合作用从水体中吸收游离14CO2和H14CO3-.金鱼...     

Interspecific competition effects on phosphorus accumulation by Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria natans

The competition between submersed plants has been recognized as an important factor influencing the structure of plant communities in shallow lakes. The ability of different species to take up and store nutrients from the surrounding ambience varies, and hence plant community structure might be expected to affect the cycling of nutrients in lake ecosystems. In this study, the uptake of phosphorus by Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria natans was studied and compared in monoculture and competitive mixed-culture plantings. Results showed that for both studied species the phosphorus concentrations of different tissues and of whole plants was unaffected by competition. However, the quantity of phosphorus accumulated by whole plants of H. verticillata was significantly higher in mixture culture than in monoculture, while that of V. natans was lower in the mixed culture. The results indicated that H. verticillata has a competitive advantage over V. natans, when the two species are grown in competition, and is able to accumulate a greater quantity of phosphorus.     

Effect of chromium on accumulation and antioxidants in Cucumis utillissimus L.: Response under enhanced bioavailability condition

This study compares the accumulation of Cr(VI) and biochemical changes (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cysteine contents) and roles of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in tolerance to metal induced stress in Cucumis utillissimus L. grown in Cr contaminated soil (CS) with garden soil (GS). Furthermore, Cr bioavailability was enhanced by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) addition to the soil to forecast the plant’s accumulation pattern at elevated Cr environment. Accumulation of Cr in the leaves of the plant increased with increase in substrate metals concentration. It further increased with the addition of EDTA by 1437% and 487% in GS and CS, respectively at the highest treatment level. The lipid peroxidation increased proportionately with increase in Cr accumulation in the leaves. All the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and APX) and the level of cysteine increased with dose dependant manner. SOD and cysteine were observed to be higher in the GS than in CS, but APX and GPX were found to be higher in CS than in GS. The increase in GPX and APX activities with the increase in Cr concentration could be assumed that these two enzymes have a major role in the defense mechanism towards stress induced by Cr in C. utillissimus.