基于污染物综合管控效率的全过程精细化管控对策建议

我国在“十一五”和“十二五”期间实现了二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化学需氧量和氨氮四项主要污染物排放总量的大幅削减.然而,单纯粗放式的基于“去除效率”的管控模式已经不能满足新常态下改善环境质量这一核心目标.针对这一短板,本文提出了“污染物综合管控效率”的概念,以此为基础,给出了污染物从产生、收集、治理到排放全过程管控指标的量化方法,并分别从国家政策制订和决策层面、企业在政策的落实和执行层面,以及政策实施效果体现的社会层面,分别提出了以“污染物综合管控效率”为目标导向的全过程精细化管控对策建议.     

自助加油站的静电风险及防范措施

针对自助加油发生的静电事故,分析了自助加油站的静电风险,如人体静电、加油枪出口油品静电、加油枪接地不良、油箱结构不合理等,都可能导致静电燃爆事故的发生。针对人体静电,提出使用本安型自助加油防人体静电装置和防静电加油卡;针对加油枪、加油机分别提出静电防控措施,并提出自助加油站建设的防静电建议。     

黑龙江及周边中强震前不同参数模型矩加速释放(AMR)现象特征分析

应用时间破裂分析方程中表征地震距释放程度的m值,选取不同空间尺度进行时空扫描研究,得到震前1年以每2个月为时间间隔的空间m值随时间变化的分布图像,运用不同参数设置计算了地震前Benioff累积应变释放特征。通过对比这些变化找出研究区内m值空间分布搜索主震破裂点扫描效果较好的参数模型,尝试性地给出了"矩释放程度空间扫描"方法应用于地震预测的经验指标。并结合与矩加速释放具有相同物理机制的加卸载响应比(Load/Unload Response Ratio)方法进行综合分析,利用这两种方法对地震进行中短期预测,达到两种方法互相检验、相互辅助的目的。考虑到本文仅对6个震例进行研究,无法给出具有统计显著性的结论,所以仍需结合其他方法进行点、线、面的综合分析。     

热预处理对酸碱强化污泥发酵产酸过程的影响

污水处理厂产生的污泥是一种含有许多有机物的生物质,这些有机物主要是总糖和蛋白质。实验采用4种预处理(酸、碱、热-酸和热-碱)来提高污泥的发酵产酸,并探索热预处理对酸碱调控后的剩余污泥产酸的影响。结果表明,热-碱处理方式可大幅提高SCOD的生成,最大可以达到15 364.8 mg/L,碱处理次之,热-酸处理和酸处理的贡献较小。溶解性蛋白质和总糖的溶出也表现了类似的规律,热-碱处理后溶解性蛋白质和总糖最大可以达到3 474.9 mg/L和731.4 mg/L。对挥发酸(VFAs)的研究结果表明,酸性处理反而阻碍了其生成积累,即使辅以热预处理后,产酸量仍没有得到明显提高,最佳的产酸条件仍然是热-碱预处理,最大产酸量可以达到4 783.5 mg/L。     

典型持久性有机污染物在翅碱蓬中的分布特征

碱蓬是潮间带的常见优势种群,为了解其在持久性有机污染物从陆域向海洋迁移中所起的作用,利用GC-MS研究了东营和营口潮间带盐沼植物翅碱蓬不同器官及根系土中有机氯农药(OCPs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、十溴联苯醚(BDE209)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量和分布特征.结果表明,4类持久性有机污染物在翅碱蓬中的污染水平依次为ΣPAHsΣOCPsBDE209ΣPCBs(96～1506ng/g、14～577ng/g、1.8～33ng/g和399～2161pg/g).营口潮间带沉积物中OCPs、PAHs和PCBs的污染水平高于东营,但这3类污染物在两地潮间带翅碱蓬叶子中的含量水平相当.OCPs在两地翅碱蓬各器官中的分布相同,即茎根叶,PAHs和PCBs2种污染物受根系土中有机质含量的影响,在翅碱蓬器官中呈现不同的分布.BDE209在东营潮间带的污染水平(19.7ng/g)高于营口(2.36ng/g),在碱蓬器官中呈现不同分布.     

加压气浮法处理含油废水中溶气压力对出水水质的影响与应用研究

以实际工作中的含油废水为研究对象,采用加压气浮处理工艺,通过多年的实际应用与对监测数据的分析,总结出气浮压力对气浮处理效果的影响,通过对溶气罐压力的调整,可得到最佳的出水水质。该项研究结果操作方便、处理效率高、易于控制、对今后的工作具有指导意义,有很好的推广价值。     

Enhancement of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of thickened waste activated sludge by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment

Pretreatment of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment (MAP) was studied to improve thermophilic anaerobic digestion efficiency. Uniform design was applied to determine the combination of target temperature (110–210°C), microwave holding time (1–51 min), and NaOH dose (0–2.5 g NaOH/g suspended solids (SS)) in terms of their effect on volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization. Maximum solubilization ratio (85.1%) of VSS was observed at 210°C with 0.2 g-NaOH/g-SS and 35 min holding time. The effects of 12 different pretreatment methods were investigated in 28 thermophilic batch reactors by monitoring cumulative methane production (CMP). Improvements in methane production in the TWAS were directly related to the microwave and alkaline pretreatment of the sludge. The highest CMP was a 27% improvement over the control. In spite of the increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration and the decrease in dewaterability of digested sludge, a semi-continuous thermophilic reactor fed with pretreated TWAS without neutralization (at 170°C with 1 min holding time and 0.05 g NaOH/g SS) was stable and functioned well, with volatile solid (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) reductions of 28% and 18%, respectively, which were higher than those of the control system. Additionally, methane yields (L@STP/g-CODadded, at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions of 0°C and 101.325 kPa) and (L@STP/g VSadded) increased by 17% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control reactor.     

Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary

The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73±1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.     

Modeling assessment for ammonium nitrogen recovery from wastewater by chemical precipitation

Chemical precipitation to form magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) is an effective technology for recovering ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N). In the present research, we investigated the thermodynamic modeling of the PHREEQC program for NH4 +-N recovery to evaluate the effect of reaction factors on MAP precipitation. The case study of NH4 +-N recovery from coking wastewater was conducted to provide a comparison. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to assist in understanding the relative significance of reaction factors and the interactive effects of solution conditions. Thermodynamic modeling indicated that the saturation index (SI) of MAP followed a polynomial function of pH. The SI of MAP increased logarithmically with the Mg2+/NH4 + molar ratio (Mg/N) and the initial NH4 +-N concentration (CN), respectively, while it decreased with an increase in Ca2+/NH4 + and CO3 2??/NH4 + molar ratios (Ca/N and CO3 2??/N), respectively. The trends for NH4 +-N removal at different pH and Mg/N levels were similar to the thermodynamic modeling predictions. The RSM analysis indicated that the factors including pH, Mg/N, CN, Ca/N, (Mg/N) (CO3 2??/N), (pH)2, (Mg/N)2, and (CN)2 were significant. Response surface plots were useful for understanding the interaction effects on NH4 +-N recovery.     

脱水污泥中聚合物的碱提取及其镉吸附效能研究

市政污水处理厂产生的脱水剩余污泥中含有大量的细菌胞外聚合物、胞内聚合物等大分子有机物,是一种良好的生物吸附剂制备原料。以脱水污泥为原料,采用碱提取的方法,对污泥中胞外聚合物与胞内聚合物进行提取,提取得到聚合物吸附剂,分析了聚合物吸附剂中聚合物浓度、核酸浓度随提取剂中NaOH浓度的变化,考察了聚合物吸附剂对水中镉的等温吸附性能。研究结果表明,当NaOH浓度小于0.5 mol/L时,随着提取剂NaOH浓度的升高,得到的提取液中聚合物浓度、核酸浓度逐渐升高。最佳的提取剂中NaOH浓度为0.3 mol/L,该条件下能够充分实现污泥中聚合物的提取。当NaOH浓度高于0.5 mol/L,聚合物中核酸存在一定程度的分解。聚合物吸附剂对水中Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir模型,NaOH浓度为0.3 mol/L条件下提取得到的聚合物吸附剂的镉饱和吸附容量最大,达1.022 mmol/g。