基于专利申请分析的有机磷农药污染土壤修复技术研究进展

有机磷农药（organophosphorus pesticide,OPP）的生产量和使用量高,但回收率与利用率低,且毒性较强,土壤累积量大、污染面积大,已严重威胁人类健康与生态系统平衡,因此OPP污染土壤的修复是健康土壤行动的重要内容.以专利分析为切入点,分析我国2010-2021年OPP污染土壤修复相关申请专利,梳理该方面技术发展情况,综述生物、物理、化学主流技术修复OPP污染土壤现状.分析发现,专利时空分布、隶属分布等反映了该领域技术的现状与需求,利用磷酸水解酶、木霉属、假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属等微生物对OPP进行水解、共代谢的生物修复技术,应用生物刺激、化学氧化、光催化等化学修复技术,以及联合修复方法为当前OPP污染土壤的主流修复方法.现有修复技术受环境、修复材料与污染土壤的相互作用变化等影响,未来仍需进一步研究OPP在土壤-生物系统中的降解作用及其物理、化学、生物降解机理,明确OPP与其代谢产物的运输、扩散、转移途径;并将理论研究应用于实际修复工程,加大原位修复技术研发力度,根据污染场地环境、土著微生物、土壤污染程度选择合适的修复技术方案,以促进有机磷污染土壤修复行业的发展.（图...     

国外快速测定化学消油剂消油效果的几种方法

化学消油剂消油效果的现场评定方法必须满足适合现场操作、材料价廉易得、结果可靠准确等条件。对国外现有的现场快速测定消油剂效果的5种方法进行比较,结果表明,英国的佩内特鉴别法、挪威的菲勒溢出油检测装置和加拿大的梅蒂现场测定法存在一定的缺陷,不推荐使用。美国环保局的现场测定法(EPA FDET)简单、快速、准确。加拿大渥太华一家环境研究机构研制出的现场试验法比EPA FDET法耗时多,但原材料价格低廉,操作简单,结果可靠,值得推广应用。     

Succession of aquatic microbial communities as a result of the water quality variations in continuous water

The changes of structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities in continuous water on campus of Tsinghua University, China are investigated by polyurethane foam unit(PFU) method. The measured compositions of the communities include alga, protozoa, and some metazoa (such as rotifers). The measured indicators of water quality include water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index(CODMn), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chlorophyll- a(Chla). The trophic level, expressed by the trophic level indices(TL/c), is assessed with analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis (AHP-PCA) method. The changing trends of the structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities, such as Margalef index of diversity(D), Shannon-weaver index of diversity (H), Heterotropy index (HI), number of species when the colonization gets equilibrium(Seq), colonizing speed constant(G) and time spent when 90 percent of Seq colonized in PFU ( T90% ), are also analyzed. The experimental results showed the succession of aquatic microbial communities along the water flow is consistent with the water quality changes, so the parameters of microbial community can reflect the changes of water quality from the ecological view.     

Management of process performance at low water temperatures in respect of filamentous organisms

The management of sludge-settling properties in Nordic conditions is of importance during the low temperature (spring) season because of the peak settler load. A survey was made in 10 Finnish waste water treatment plants(WWTP‘ s) and the total extended filament length and DSVI in haft of the plants exceeded the limits, which indicates sludge bulking( 15 km/g SS and 150 ml/g respectively). The dominant organism was Microthrix parvicella, the abundance of which was 59.22% of total extended filament length on average.Chemicals were tested to control the filaments, and it was found that special attention has to be paid to maintaining the nitrification at low temperature. A dosage of(H2O2-besed) oxidants controlled the growth of Microthrix parvicella effectively and rapidly, whereas with the use of aluminium hydroxidechloride a 2 to 5-week period was needed to decrease the filament length.     

UV-catalytic treatment of spent caustic from ethene plant with hydrogen peroxide and ozone oxidation

The performance of UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 oxidation systems for treating spent caustic from an ethylene plant was investigated, in UV/H2O2 system, with the increase of H202 dosage, removal efficiencies of COD and the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) to chemical oxygen demand(COD) of the effluent were increased and a better performance was obtained than the H2O2 system alone. In UV/H2O2 system, removal efficiency of COD reach 68% under the optimum condition, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.52. In UV/O3 system, with the increase of O3 dosage, removal efficiency of COD and BOD/COD ratio were increased, and a better performance was obtained than the O3 system alone. Under the optimum condition, removal efficiency of COD was 54%, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.48. In UV/H2O2/O3 system, COD removal efficiency was found to be 22.0% higher than UV/O3 system.     

末次冰期东海嵊山岛黄土元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义

以东部季风区浙江省舟山群岛嵊山岛黄土沉积为研究对象,在光释光测年基础上,探讨黄土沉积的元素地球化学等特征并揭示其记录的古气候意义。光释光年代结果显示,嵊山岛黄土堆积于末次冰期时期。黄土中地球化学成分以SiO_2、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃为主,占比90.22%,与黄土高原洛川剖面中黄土层和古土壤层以及镇江下蜀黄土样品相比,嵊山岛黄土常量元素中的铝、铁元素表现为相对富集,钙、钠和钾元素相对亏损,化学蚀变指数CIA为85.1。从东部嵊山岛到西北黄土高原洛川,不同区域黄土风化强度差异显著,总体表现为：嵊山岛黄土>镇江下蜀黄土>陆源页岩>洛川古土壤>洛川黄土>上陆壳(UCC)。嵊山岛黄土沉积剖面磁化率平均值为70.9×10^-8 m³/kg,磁化率随剖面深度变化明显。结合磁化率指标,嵊山岛黄土地球化学记录揭示了末次冰期间冰阶时期气候大体呈现由暖湿至冷干再至暖湿的波动特征,这与会宁黄土、下蜀黄土等所反映的MIS3时段气候变...     

回溯中前行:农业现代化还是现代农业——写在《四千年农夫》出版一百周年之际

100多年前,美国农业部土壤所所长,威斯康辛州立大学土壤专家富兰克林·金(Franklin King)远涉重洋游历中国、日本和高丽,考察三个东亚国家古老的农耕体系,并于1911年出版了一本名叫《四千年农夫》(Farmers of Forty Centuries)的书。作者在考察中产生了疑问:中国农民数千年来如何成功地保持了土壤的肥力和健康,他们没有使用大量的外部资源投入,却养活了这么高密度的人口。为什么美国仅仅耕作几     

化工装置火灾事故处置对策

近年来,化工工业发展迅速,新型化工生产工艺日益向高深发展,工艺过程相当复杂,化学危险物品泄漏、火灾、爆炸事故时有发生。熟悉和掌握化工企业火灾事故发生的规律及处置方法日益重要。     

预防化学实验室安全卫生风险

作者通过对某创业中心化学实验室存在的安全卫生风险的分析,详细介绍了涉及医药、化工等行业的研发型化学实验室,在危险化学品购买、存储、使用、废弃等过程中的安全卫生风险。为规范化学实验室的建设和管理,避免安全卫生事故的发生提供参考。     

聚醚生产装置危险性分析

从物料分子结构与火灾爆炸性质、化学反应机理、热化学、工艺生产过程等学科逐层次对聚醚生产装置危险有害因素进行了定性分析;采用挪威DNV公司FHAST软件对环氧乙烷等泄漏事故后果进行了模拟;提出了聚醚生产装置安全对策建议措施。