基于信息处理和事故链原理的结构化飞行员差错模型

为了对民航飞行员人为差错进行系统分析,研究民航业中常见人为差错的分析方法,指出其局限性。基于信息处理过程和事故链原理,从微观的认知过程和宏观的HFACS框架2个层面构建一种新的飞行员人为差错分析模型,并对模型中的情景分析、差错模式与分类、认知机理、差错恢复、差错成因、反馈机制和防御机制等几大核心模块进行阐述,重点介绍认知机理在差错形成中产生的关键影响因素,提出结构化差错分析方法的思路与步骤。该模型为民航飞行员人为差错的产生机理、差错分类和差错成因的分析提供一种新思路,但模型的进一步应用还有待于通过案例分析来验证。     

基于随机Petri网的城市轨道交通应急系统安全性能分析

为分析城市轨道交通应急系统安全性能,采用随机Petri网理论,考虑运营生产、治安消防和自然灾害3类应急预案,构建城市轨道交通应急系统的随机Petri网模型,并基于模型的马尔科夫链得到系统处于各种状态时的稳态概率表达式,通过改变各个变迁的触发速率,分析系统各种状态稳态概率的变化情况。结果表明,这个模型能够体现影响城市轨道交通应急系统安全性能的各因素之间的关系,并能通过数值变化趋势反映不同事故情况下提高安全性能的关键所在,达到分析系统安全性能的目的。     

减排增汇目标下中国粮食生产效率的测度及分布动态演进

考虑粮食生产中的净碳汇和面源污染排放,构建全局EBM模型测算2001—2018年中国30个省份及三大功能区的粮食生产效率,借助分布动态模型考察中国粮食生产效率的动态演进趋势。研究发现：（1）中国粮食生产效率总体水平不高,样本期间呈现先降低后增长的态势,主产区粮食生产效率高于主销区和产销平衡区。（2）三大功能区粮食生产效率的分布动态存在差异,主产区由“多级分化”趋向于“两级分化”,地区差距逐渐缩小;主销区分化程度有所加剧;产销平衡区“多级分化”逐渐加强。（3）中国粮食生产效率总体上存在向中高水平聚集的趋势。相比高效率省份分布流动性较强,低效率省份存在明显的“贫困陷阱”,粮食低水平发展的恶性循环不易突破。     

紫外耦合游离亚硝酸强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸研究

为打破传统厌氧发酵过程中污泥破壁溶胞困难和产酸效能低的瓶颈,探究了紫外光（UV）耦合游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理对污泥发酵产酸的影响,并与热（H）和超声法（US）耦合FNA预处理进行了对比分析.结果表明,UV辅助FNA联合预处理（FNA-UV）对细胞破碎和胞外聚合物的剥离具有协同效应,·OH和·O₂^-作为反应中间体,其强度远高于其他预处理组（FNA-US和FNA-H）,与·NO,·NO₂及ONOO^-等中间产物共同促进了溶解性有机物的释放,溶解性碳水化合物和蛋白质含量相比FNA组分别提升60%和90%,进而为后续水解产酸过程提供了充足的底物.FNA-UV组短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）浓度于第4d达到峰值,为（201.8±4.8） mg COD/g VSS,相比FNA组提升67%,乙酸占比高达56.8%.通过发酵末期对各体系进行碳平衡分析表明,紫外耦合FNA预处理在污泥减量、溶解性有机物的释放与转化、SCFAs的产生方面具有重要作用.微生物群落分析表明,FNA-UV对功能菌群的富集发挥重要作用,表现为厌氧发酵菌和反硝化菌的有效增强,相比其他各组提升了23.7%~270.6%.     

烷基多苷促进污泥水解产酸的研究

采用向污泥中投加生物表面活性剂烷基多苷(APG)的方法,研究了APG投加量和水解时间对剩余污泥水解产酸过程的影响.结果表明,APG显著降低污泥表面张力,强化污泥水解,在最适投加量(以TSS计,下同)0.2 g·g-1下,SCOD、蛋白质和可溶性糖的浓度均在12h内达到最大,分别由初始的4 280.2、1 122.9和246.5 mg·L-1上升到6 481.1、1 639.3和1 205.8mg·L-1,同时短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)浓度由1 309.9 mg·L-1增加为2 221.6 mg·L-1,且SCFA的组分分布随之改变,APG投加量越大,SCFAs达到最大浓度所需时间也随之延长.随着APG投加量的增大,α-葡萄糖苷酶相对活力由1.5升至2.5,而蛋白酶相对活力在低投加量下由1.4升至1.9,高投加量下降至1.5.不论APG是否存在,α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶的活力在达最高后都随着水解时间的延长而逐渐降低.整个过程中pH均呈现先减小后增大的趋势.     

Sulfur evolution in chemical looping combustion of coal with MnFe2O4 oxygen carrier

Chemical looping combustion （CLC） of coal has gained increasing attention as a novel combustion technology for its advantages in CO2 capture. Sulfur evolution from coal causes great harm from either the CLC operational or environmental perspective. In this research, a combined MnFe2O4 oxygen carrier （OC） was synthesized and its reaction with a typical Chinese high sulfur coal, Liuzhi （LZ） bituminous coal, was performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer （TGA）-Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectrometer. Evolution of sulfur species during reaction of LZ coal with MnFeaO40C was systematically investigated through experimental means combined with thermodynamic simulation. TGA-FTIR analysis of the LZ reaction with MnFe2O4 indicated MnFe2O4 exhibited the desired superior reactivity compared to the single reference oxides Mn304 or Fe203, and SO2 produced was mainly related to oxidization of H2S by MnFe2O4. Experimental analysis of the LZ coal reaction with MnFe2O4, including X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, verified that the main reduced counterparts of MnFe2O4 were Fe304 and MnO, in good agreement with the related thermodynamic simulation. The obtained MnO was beneficial to stabilize the reduced MnFe2O4 and avoid serious sintering, although the oxygen in MnO was not fully utilized. Meanwhile, most sulfur present in LZ coal was converted to solid MnS during LZ reaction with MnFe2O4, which was further oxidized to MnSO4. Finally, the formation of both MnS and such manganese silicates as Mn2SiO4 and MnSiO3 should be addressed to ensure the full regeneration of the reduced MnFe2O4.     

Determining short chain fatty acids in sewage sludge hydrolysate：A comparison of three analytical methods and investigation of sample storage effects

In anaerobic digestion, the production of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） can be beneficial or harmful to the overall process, depending on the concentration of accumulated acids. Therefore, the accurate determination of the SCFA concentration in both fresh and stored sludge hydrolysates is important. To select a suitable method for monitoring SCFAs during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, the accuracy of three available analytical methods, including 5 pH point acid titration （TITRA5）, gas chromatography （GC）, and spectrophotometry, were compared in the present study. The results revealed that TITRA5 and GC displayed better agreement in the achieved measurements and higher precision and accuracy than the spectrophotometric assay, as supported by the application of different statistical models. TITRA5 excelled in titrating unfiltered hydrolysate while simultaneously measuring the alkalinity, whereas the GC method provided detailed information on the contribution of different fatty acids to the total acidity. In contrast, the spectrophotometric assay suffered from many forms of interference, depending on the sample＇s matrix. SCFA production followed the pattern of enzymatic reactions and fitted the Michaelis-Menten model. In addition to promoting TITRA5 as an accurate and robust analytical tool for routine SCFA analyses, this comparative study also demonstrated the possibility of storing hydrolysate samples at different temperatures and durations without altering the SCFA measurements.     

循环型企业“三链”融合发展的途径与政策——以晋江东风橡胶有限公司为例

企业是发展循环经济的主体,循环型企业是建设生态文明的重要力量。从"技术链、产品链、价值链"融合发展的视角,分析循环型企业"三链"融合的概念内涵和重点工作,以福建省晋江东风橡胶有限公司为案例,研究循环型企业"三链"融合发展的实现途径,并从政府经济管理角度,提出推进循环型企业"三链"融合发展的政策体系,为解决循环型企业发展中面临的资源环境压力、技术创新不足等现实问题提供决策参考。     

基于层次分析法和SPA-马尔科夫链的煤气单元风险评估

为能更客观评估冶金企业煤气单元风险,解决冶金企业煤气单元标准化评审过程中分值介于界限值左右不能明确判定等级的情形,构建了基于层次分析法的SPA-马尔科夫链的煤气单元风险动态评估模型,根据相关标准规范构建了煤气单元风险评估指标体系,运用层次分析法赋予各评估指标合理的权重,通过SPA计算联系度反映单元风险的大小及变化趋势,运用马尔科夫链模型推算下一时段的联系度等,从而判断煤气单元下一周期的风险动向,为明确冶金企业煤气单元标准化等级提供参考方法。通过算例分析可知,构建的动态评估模型对于解决以上问题是科学、有效的。     

道生油喷入眼睛事故原因分析

2011年7月11日小夜班21点35分,某车间通知操作班长为道生油冷凝系统补加两桶道生油。操作班长带领两名操作工到达作业现场,首先调试道生油补加泵,确认补加泵运行正常,然后用橡胶软管将道生油补加泵出口连接至道生油冷凝器补加阀进口。准备就绪后,一名操作工启动道生油补加泵,另一名操作工王某站在道生油补加泵旁边监护设备运作,顺利完成了第一桶道生油的补加工作。但是,在补加第二桶时,道生油补加泵出口软管连接处破裂,导致带压道生油喷出,溅入操作工王某的双眼之中。情急之下,王某奔跑至附近的水龙头前,提起眼睑,迅速用流动清水冲洗,而后被送往医院进行医疗处