黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附特征

研究了黄河入河沙漠颗粒物在天然水(河水和海水)中对磷酸盐的吸附行为,用改进的Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型对实验数据进行了拟合.结果表明,①改进的Langmuir等温吸附模型更适用于描述黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附特征,其物理意义更明确,得到的拟合参数更合理;②颗粒物对磷的最大吸附容量Qmax变化范围为41.322～357.143mg.kg-1,其中居延海颗粒物Y2的Qmax最大.Qmax与颗粒物(Y1～Y5)的有机质有着极显著的正相关关系;③除巴丹吉林沙漠颗粒物Y1外,颗粒物的临界磷平衡浓度EPC0值均大于其相应水体的磷浓度.Y1在黄河水中吸附磷的EPC0小于相应水体的磷浓度0.0100.053 mg.L-1,而在渤海海水中却大于相应水体的磷浓度0.1090.074 mg.L-1,表明Y1吸附了黄河水中的磷,进入渤海后Y1原有吸附可交换态磷NAP转移到海水中.其它颗粒物与相应水体进行磷交换的过程中存在着解吸磷的现象,具有向相应水体释放磷的能力;④黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线是过溶液浓度轴0.00的交叉型等温线,这种新型交叉型吸附-解吸模型较好地解释了其吸附特征和天然粒子的双重性作用.     

城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥的中试研究

以城市污水为处理对象,在中试SBR反应器中接种厌氧消化污泥,经过210 d运行,培养出了平均粒径在330μm的好氧颗粒污泥.实验表明,经过前3个月较低的进水有机负荷,反应器对污染物的去除效果逐步提高并达到稳定,活性污泥中与脱氮除磷相关的微生物大量富集.运行周期缩短为6 h,污泥的沉降性能和污染物去除特性保持良好,同时污泥平均粒径开始增大.好氧颗粒污泥完全形成以后,SVI值为30 mL.g-1,污泥浓度MLSS达到8.8 g.L-1,MLVSS/MLSS增至82%,氧利用速率OUR达到5.32 mg.(min.L)-1.颗粒外层以杆状菌为主,内层主要是球菌.单个周期内颗粒污泥对COD和总磷的去除率保持在90%,氨氮几乎完全去除,出水中无硝氮和亚硝氮累积,总氮的去除率达到80%,实现了良好的同步硝化反硝化和同步脱氮除磷效果.     

单一好氧环境下的强化生物除磷研究

将乙酸钠为单一碳源、厌氧/好氧交替、具有较好除磷效果的传统生物除磷SBR系统,改为单一的好氧SBR运行方式,发现改变后的SBR系统仍可取得较好的除磷效果,除磷率最高达73.9%,最低约40%,平均维持在50%左右.这种现象可以维持长达80个周期.污泥含磷率由最初的1.43%增加到6.56%.对污泥微生物胞内PHB和糖原进行测定,结果表明此系统中微生物PHB和糖原在VSS中含量分别约为27 mg/g和26 mg/g,二者含量在好氧过程中都基本保持不变.通过对反应过程中碳源消耗与磷吸收关系的分析,认为该单一好氧条件下的生物除磷机制是由于长期以乙酸钠为唯一碳源下,试验系统中活性污泥被驯化,在胞内聚磷颗粒含量容纳能力范围内还可以在好氧环境下以乙酸钠氧化产生的ATP为能量进行磷吸收所致.     

生物沸石对吡啶、喹啉的降解与吸附作用

探讨了通过生物沸石的降解及吸附作用,解决吡啶、喹啉及转化产物NH 4+-N的污染问题.结果表明,生物沸石中的吡啶降解菌Shinella zoogloeoides BC026及喹啉降解菌Pseudomonas sp.BW003能有效去除吡啶、喹啉,同时转化后的NH 4+-N也能被天然沸石或改性沸石所吸附.尽管改性沸石吸附能力不如天然沸石,但其表面能更有效附着微生物,在实际工程应用上更具前景.     

Fe/Al改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附性能研究

利用膨润土原矿提取了粒径小于2μm的膨润土胶体,经过钠质化处理后分别用聚羟基铁和聚羟基铝进行改性,然后用一次平衡法研究了改性膨润土对水体中铬酸根的吸附性能.结果表明,与原矿相比,改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量有了不同程度的提高,铁改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量大于铝改性者.CrO42-的吸附平衡浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1时,Mt-1(Fe)、Mt-2(Fe)和Mt-3(Al)对铬酸根的吸附量分别为271.0 mmol·kg-1、114.0 mmol·kg-1和16.1 mmol·kg-1.改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增大,随体系pH值的增加而减小.铬酸根在改性膨润土表面的吸附以专性吸附机制为主,静电吸附所占比例很小,一般不超过30%.这些研究结果可为开发新型水处理剂提供理论指导.     

平朔安太堡矿区复垦地土壤微生物与土壤性质关系的研究

调查安太堡大型露天矿区西排土场植被恢复与土壤微生物的关系.结果表明,土壤中微生物量与土壤中的水分、速效磷、土壤有机质、有效性氮和海拔高度有明显的关系.麦地、林地、草地的土壤中呈现出:细菌》放线菌》固氮菌》霉菌;撂荒地呈现为:细菌》放线菌》霉菌》固氮菌;裸地呈现出:细菌》放线菌》霉菌.细菌、放线菌和霉菌呈现麦地最高,裸地最低,固氮菌为林地高于其他样地.在撂荒地和裸地中,细菌占微生物总量的一半以上.麦地、林地、草地、撂荒地中的各种菌、速效磷、土壤有机质、有效性氮含量明显高于裸地中的含量.微生物总量和样地的海拔、样地土壤的含水率有明显的关系,土壤中的含水量直接影响微生物总量.微生物总量与速效磷含量和有机质含量成正比,有机质含量与有效性氮含量成正比.细菌与海拔呈极显著负相关,与其他几种养分指标呈极显著正相关,放线菌与海拔和速效磷呈极显著相关,与其他指标相关性不显著,固氮菌与几种养分指标相关性均不显著.按全国土壤养分划分标准,安太堡大型露天矿区复垦地等级不高,还需要用科学的方法加快复垦区土壤的恢复.     

有机化改性海泡石对六六六吸附性能的探讨

分别采用阴阳离子表面活性剂对海泡石进行有机化改性处理,并对改性海泡石进行了吸附六六六实验.结果表明,未经有机化改性的海泡石对六六六各异构体去除能力由小到大依次为:γ-六六六(12.66%)、δ-六六六(12.79%)、α六六六(17.35%)、β-六六六(33.57%).经DOSO3Na有机化改性的海泡石对六六六各异构体的去除能力由小到大依次为:β-六六六、γ δ-六六六、α-六六六.经CTMAB有机化改性的海泡石对六六六各异构体的去除能力由小到大依次为:β-六六六、α-六六六、γ δ-六六六.有机化改性海泡石使体系中β-六六六大幅度增加,可能为有机化海泡石催化α、γ、δ各异构体向β异构体转化.     

Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Assessing field vulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural area using Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme

Guanting Reservoir,one of the drinking water supply sources of Beijing,suffers from water eutrophication.It is mainly supplied by Guishui River.Thus,to investigate the reasons of phosphorus(P)loss and improve the P management strategies in Guishui River watershed are important for the safety of drinking water in this region.In this study,a Revised Field P Ranking Scheme(PRS)was developed to reflect the field vulnerability of P loss at the field scale based on the Field PRS.In this new scheme,six factors are included, and each one was assigned a relative weight and a determination method.The affecting factors were classified into transport factors and source factors,and,the standards of environmental quality on surface water and soil erosion classification and degradation of the China were used in this scheme.By the new scheme,thirty-four fields in the Guishui River were categorized as"low","medium"or"high"potential for P loss into the runoff.The results showed that the P loss risks of orchard and vegetable fields were higher than that of corn and soybean fields.The source factors were the main factors to affect P loss from the study area.In the study area,controlling P input and improving P usage efficiency are critical to decrease P loss.Based on the results,it was suggested that more attention should be paid on the fields of vegetable and orchard since they have extremely high usage rate of P and high soil test of E Compared with P surplus by field measurements,the Revised Field PRS was more suitable for reflecting the characteristics of fields,and had higher potential capacity to identify critical source areas of P loss than PRS.     

铅在棉秆基活性炭上的吸附动力学与热力学

以棉秆与棉秆纤维为原料,利用磷酸活化法制备了低成本的高比表面微孔棉秆基活性炭,通过静态实验研究了活性炭对水溶液中铅的吸附特性,测定了溶液pH值、吸附时间、溶液温度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附动力学、热力学及吸附机制.根据低温液氮(N2/77K)吸附测定数据,以BET方程、BJH法及H-K法对活性炭孔结构进行了表征,以Boehm滴定、FTIR、零电荷点pHPZC测定及元素分析定量表征活性炭表面含氧官能团.结果表明,以棉秆和棉秆纤维为原料制备的活性炭的比表面积分别为1570和1731m2·g-1,含氧酸官能团含量分别为1.43和0.83mmol·g-1,均高于商业活性炭ST1300.静态吸附实验表明,棉秆基活性炭对铅有较大的吸附容量和吸附效率,最大吸附量超过120mg·g-1,溶液pH对吸附有较大的影响,吸附量随时间增大而增大,在5min内可达饱和吸附量的80%;吸附动力学数据符合假二级方程,Freundlich方程能更好地描述等温吸附行为;热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,而焓变(ΔH0)0,说明吸附为吸热的自发反应过程,升温有利于吸附,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用.