根际微生物对土壤有机物修复现状和发展

由于耕种需要、污灌、垃圾渗滤液、环境事故等原因大量的有机污染物进入土壤。因为良好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益,利用植物修复有机物污染土壤已经成为国内外研究的重点和热点。在分析植物和根际微生物作用关系及其对有机物污染修复作用机理基础上,进一步探讨了植物和根际微生物对有机污染物的修复原理、修复效果和修复途径以及植物和根际微生物选择机理。最后根据目前研究的热点和土壤污染的特点,全面阐述了土壤有机物污染利用根际微生物进行修复的发展前景和发展趋势。     

锑矿区土壤重金属污染及植物累积特征

采用湿法消解-原子荧光光谱法测定晴隆锑矿区11个采样点土壤及对应植物中重金属As,Sb,Hg,Cd含量。结果表明,矿区土壤中4种重金属元素的平均含量均超出贵州省土壤背景值,土壤受Sb污染最严重,其次是As,Cd,Hg的污染。6种植物(蕨菜、芒萁、茶叶、玉米、斑茅、牛尾蒿)体内Sb,As的含量都超过正常范围,其中牛尾蒿对Cd的富集系数达3.25,具有修复镉污染土壤的潜力。     

重庆秀山锰矿区土壤重金属污染分析与评价

通过采样分析重庆秀山锰矿区土壤中的Mn、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、As等9种重金属元素含量,使用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法、地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法等方法,对秀山锰矿区土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在风险程度进行了评价。结果表明,秀山锰矿区域范围内的土壤中Cr、As等重金属元素含量偏高,同时受到金属Mn的严重污染;尾矿库下游土壤的生态风险程度为中等,其余均为轻微的生态风险等级。     

防治土壤污染应标本兼治

简要论述了土壤污染具有隐蔽、长期性和不易修复等特点,危害较大。针对土壤的危害,提出了防治对策。     

硫酸厂搬迁遗址土壤和地下水特征污染物分布研究

以浙江某硫酸厂搬迁遗留场地为研究对象进行环境调查评估。共布设土壤与地下水监测点19个,采集土壤样品38个,地下水样品16个。实验室检测项目包括挥发性有机物、半挥发性有机物、总石油烃、重金属、氟化物和硫酸盐等。根据场地特征污染因子超标情况及其在土壤与地下水中的分布规律分析,得出如下结论:(1)原硫酸厂矿石堆场、普钙生产车间等区域污染最严重;(2)土壤中主要是重金属与多环芳烃超标,地下水超标污染物主要包括重金属、石油烃、氟化物和硫酸盐等;(3)一般说来重力因素、雨水的冲刷和淋溶会使污染因子纵向迁移。而该硫酸厂拆迁时土壤翻动、横移和回填造成不同生产区域土壤混合,导致了污染因子横向扩散。     

Distribution of Cu and Pb in particle size fractions of urban soils from different city zones of Nanjing, China

Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.     

Biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil by Mucor sp. SF06 and Bacillus sp. SB02 co-immobilized on vermiculite

Two indigenous microorganisms, Bacillus sp. SB02 and Mucor sp. SF06, capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were co-immobilized on vermiculite by physical adsorption and used to degrade benzo[a] pyrene （BaP）. The characteristics of BaP degradation by both free and co-immobilized microorganism were then investigated and compared. The removal rate using the immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium was higher than that of the freely mobile mixed consortium. 95.3% of BaP was degraded using the co-immobilized system within 42 d, which was remarkably higher than the removal rate of that by the free strains. The optimal amount of inoculated co-immobilized system for BaP degradation was 2%. The immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium also showed better water stability than the free strains. Kinetics of BaP biodegradation by co-immobilized SF06 and SB02 were also studied. The results demonstrated that BaP degradation could be well described by a zero-order reaction rate equation when the initial BaP concentration was in the range of 10--200 mg/kg. The scanning electronic microscope （SEM） analysis showed that the co-immobilized microstructure was suitable for the growth of SF06 and SB02. The mass transmission process of co-immobilized system in soil is discussed. The results demonstrate the potential for employing the bacterial-fungal mixed consortium, co-immobilized on vermiculite, for in situ bioremediation of BaP.     

重金属引起的土壤污染问题与治理措施

伴随着日益减少的耕地面积,高效利用耕地土壤资源成为发展现代农业的重要途径。然而受到城市化进程及工业生产的影响,重金属对于土壤的污染现象十分严重,不利于土壤高效利用的实现。因此文章就重金属因其的土壤污染问题及治理措施进行探讨。     

“常州毒地”修复案中多重责任与利益主体的关系定位

环境公益诉讼案件往往涉及复杂的法律关系,表现为公共利益代表主体、责任主体的多元化等。各类主体的复杂叠加给环境司法价值目标的实现带来了不少挑战。本文以"常州毒地"环境修复案为研究对象,对政府与非政府组织在代表公共利益时的关系定位,污染者与政府在承担环境修复责任时的责任边界确定、环境公益诉讼中诉讼费用风险的分配等问题进行了分析,以期对完善我国环境修复法律制度起到促进作用。     

环境修复项目管理问题浅析——以小南化中试项目为例

在环境修复实施之初,原先计划采用膨润土阻隔墙,由于临时变更方案,拖延了将近一周的工期,让原本吃紧的进度更加捉襟见肘。本文对环境修复工艺进行分析,在减少土壤污染等方面有所详注。希望在此项目中得到的教训与经验能为以后的项目提供借鉴帮助。