放射性污染土壤危害及其防治对策的探讨

本文阐述放射性污染土壤的危害,是人们生产、生活中不能忽视的问题,要采取有效措施进行治理和修复。重点探讨了间接防治、直接治理、采用耐辐射微生物、超积累植物和森林等修复技术的防治对策。只有通过有效方法进行治理和修复,才能起到阻截废气、废液、废渣进入土壤,控制污染源,使污染土壤恢复原有的功能。     

以强化硬件建设为重点扎实做好内蒙古自治区土壤污染状况调查工作

内蒙古自治区环境监测中心站,通过强化硬件建设,制定各项措施,为内蒙古自治区土壤污染状况调查做出了重要保障。     

Effects of heavy metal pollution of highway origin on soil nematode guilds in North Shenyang, China

Soil samples were collected with distance at 5, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 m from the Shen-Ha Highway, Northeast China, to investigate the effect of heavy metals of highway origin on soil nematode guilds. The contents of soil Pb, Cu and Zn and the nematode community structure in this investigation were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of total and available Pb, Cu and Zn varied significantly with the different distances from the highway. Pb was the main pollutant in the soils in the vicinity of Shen-Ha Highway and the zone from 20 to 40 m away from the highway was the most polluted area. The highest abundance of soil nematodes was found at 5 m while the lowest at 20 m away from the highway. Thirty six genera of nematodes belonging to 23 families were identified. Nematode guilds having different responses to soil heavy metals were classified into four types. Soil nematode guilds may act as a prominent indicator to heavy metal pollution of highway origin.     

β-环糊精强化微生物修复石油烃污染土壤的试验研究

石油烃污染物的生物可利用性是土壤微生物修复的限制因素,为了提高污染物的生物可利用性和降解效率,引入环境友好的β-环糊精作为污染物增溶剂,并与表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作对比。结果表明,当β-环糊精的投加浓度为其在水中饱和溶解度的90%、SDS的投加浓度为其临界胶束浓度时,β-环糊精和SDS对土壤中石油烃污染物的增溶效果达到最大,分别为84.42%和89.63%。虽然两者都具有相近的增溶效果,但SDS具有一定的生物毒性,抑制了微生物的生长及其对石油烃污染物的降解,而β-环糊精可以促进微生物生长并有效提高微生物对污染物的去除效率。投加β-环糊精的微生物修复组在15 d内的降解率达到19.5%,比单独微生物修复组的降解率提高了70%以上。     

The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress

Salicylic acid （SA） was an essential component of the plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant response to some abiotic stress. The possible effects of SA on the growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress were studied. When rice seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing Pb^2＋ （0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mmol/L） for 18 d, the plant biomass as well as the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing Pb concentration. The pre-treatment with SA （treated with 0.1 mmol/L SA for 48 h before Pb stress） partially protected seedlings from Pb toxicity. The chlorophyll contents were significant higher in leaves of Pb-exposed with SA pre-treatment seedlings than in Pb-exposed plants at the same Pb intensity. SA pre-treated alone could significantly increase the length of shoot and root of seedlings but the vigour difference was not marked under long-term exposure to Pb toxicity. SA pre-treated influence the H2O2 level in leaves of seedlings by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, repressing the activity of catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） depending on the concentrations of Pb^2＋ in the growth medium. The results supported the conclusion that SA played a positive role in rice seedlings against Pb toxicity.     

示范小城镇建设项目环境影响评价中的土壤污染问题

结合示范小城镇建设项目环境影响评价中土壤污染分析的特点,总结了该类环评项目中开展土壤污染评价的思路和方法。介绍区内企业土壤污染的排查方式,归纳不同行业土壤特征污染物的分类,指出土壤污染现状评价的标准,汇总各类受污染土壤的修复措施,并结合相关环保法律法规,对相关责任方的职责加以明确。     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium in cole （Brassica campestris L.） and celery （Apium graveolens） grown in the polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium (Cd) in cole (Brassica campestris L.) and celery (Apium graveolens) grown in the Cd-polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China. The results showed that Cd in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly bound to carbonate fraction (F2) and Fe-Mn oxide fraction (F3). However, marked change of Cd fractions was observed with increasing soil Cd concentrations, in which the concentration of Cd in F1 (exchangeable fraction), F2 and F3 increased significantly (p < 0.001 for F1, F2 and F3). The growth of cole and celery could be facilitated by low concentrations of Cd, but inhibited by high concentrations. The correlation analysis between the fraction distribution coefficient of Cd in the soil and Cd concentration accumulated in the two vegetables showed that Cd in F1 in the soil made the greatest contribution on the accumulation of Cd in the two vegetables. The high bio-concentration factor and the translocation factor of Cd in both cole and celery were observed, and Cd had higher accumulation in the edible parts of the two vegetables. Therefore, both cole and celery grown in Cd-polluted oasis soil have higher risk to human health. And the two vegetables are not suitable to be cultivated as vegetables consumed by human in the Cd-polluted oasis soil.     

美、日土壤污染防治法律度对中国土壤立法的启示

目前中国土壤污染问题日趋严重。尽管中国现行的法律体系存在一些有关土壤污染防治的规定,但仍存在一定的局限性,中国目前还没有专门的《土污染防治法》,从而不能为中国土壤污染的防治工作提供有力地法律支撑和法律保障。本文在分析美国、日本有关土壤污染防治立法的基础上,就中国土壤污染防治立法提出了几点建议。     

『十二五』规划关于加大环境保护力度的论述

在加大环境保护力度方面,"十二五"规划指出要以解决饮用水不安全和空气、土壤污染等损害群众健康的突出环境问题为重点,加强综合治理,明显改善环境质量. 一是强化污染物减排和治理.要实施主要污染物排放总量控制.实行严格的饮用水水源地保护制度,提高集中式饮用水水源地水质达标率.     

重庆秀山锰矿区土壤和植物锰污染调查与评价

文章通过现场取样对重庆秀山锰矿区锰污染状况进行了调查分析。应用地积累指数法对锰矿区矿渣堆以及农田土壤Mn污染进行评价,结果表明矿区土壤及部分农田土壤Mn污染极其严重。矿区植物对Mn的吸收表现为富集型植物(如垂序商陆Phytolacca americana Linn.)、根部囤积型植物(如紫花香薷Elsholfizia argyi Levl.)、规避型植物(如长波叶山蚂蝗Desmodium sequax Wall.),可根据其特点通过制定合理的植被恢复措施修复Mn污染土壤。采用单项污染指数法对矿区种植蔬菜的Mn污染水平进行评价,发现辣椒、萝卜的食用部分受Mn污染极严重,长期食用这些蔬菜对人体健康存在很大风险。