氨对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响及地球化学模拟

垃圾焚烧飞灰可能因为选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝过程中氨泄漏、垃圾携带的渗滤液受热挥发等原因而吸附氨.本研究中采用人为添加氨水,在pH为3.66～12.44范围内,研究氨对飞灰中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和重金属浸出的影响,并利用地球化学模拟软件Visual MINTEQ从金属化学形态分布上分析氨对飞灰浸出的影响机制.结果表明,DOC在pH>9和有高浓度氨(≥1 357 mg·L-1)存在时,其浸出量大幅增加,而在浸出液中氨的水平不高于537 mg·L-1时则受氨的影响很小;在pH<6时,飞灰中各金属主要以自由态的金属离子和金属-氯络离子形态大量溶出,且受氨的影响较小;而在pH为8～12的碱性环境中和氨浓度较高时(≥3 253 mg·L-1),氨与金属生成了可溶性的金属-氨配合物,能显著增加Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出,且在pH=9附近时浸出量达到最大值,但氨对Al和Pb的浸出影响甚微;在pH>12时,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要以羟基金属离子形式存在.在氨浓度为3 253 mg·L-1时,通过利用Visual MINTEQ模拟浸出值与试验数据的对比,发现Al、Pb、Zn的浸出主要由溶解/沉淀模型控制,而Cd、Cu、Ni由溶解/沉淀模型和表面吸附反应模型同时控制,且Visual MINTEQ模型能较好地预测飞灰中Al、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出特性.     

聚磷污泥去除高浓度铅的影响因素研究

利用聚磷活性污泥去除废水中的铅[ρ(Pb2+)=150.0 mg·L-1],研究了反应体系内不同溶解氧状况和初始pH值对污泥除铅的效率和稳定性的影响.结果表明,厌氧条件下,pH 6时,铅的去除率随时间增长呈上升趋势,32 d后铅去除率达99.8%,其中有机物及硫化物结合态铅、残渣态分别占41.8%和52.6%,污泥中铅的稳定性良好.好氧条件下,在相对较短时间内铅的去除率随pH上升而增加,反应2 h时,pH 6、pH 4和pH 2对应的铅的去除率分别为99.9%、96.9%和30.3%;而好氧32 d后pH 6、pH 4和pH 2的污泥中残渣态铅含量分别为3 072.3、4 726.8和2 359.1 mg·kg-1,分别占污泥中总铅的41.8%、65.8%和88.8%.综合考虑除铅率和除铅后污泥稳定性,好氧且pH 4理论上是聚磷污泥除铅的最佳条件.     

水泥窑替代燃料中的重金属特性分析

以水泥窑常用的替代燃料——生活垃圾和污泥为研究对象,分别测定了重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni总量,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的形态分布及As、Cr的价态,结果表明:脱水污泥中,8种重金属含量由高到低的顺序为:Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Hg>As>Cd。三种垃圾筛上物中,8种重金属含量由高到低的依次顺序为:Zn>Cr>Cu>Ni>Pb>As>Hg>Cd。市政污泥中,Cd以酸提取态为主,占总量的45%以上;Pb 94%以残渣态存在;Cu以有机结合态为主,占63.16%;Zn以铁锰氧化态为主,占43.5%。三种垃圾筛上物中,Pb几乎没有酸可提取态和铁锰氧化态的存在,重金属Cd没有残渣态存在。原生垃圾中,重金属Zn酸可提取态占18.52%,而堆肥垃圾筛上物和矿化垃圾筛上物中,重金属Zn酸可提取态为1%以下,铁锰氧化态含量为75%左右。垃圾和污泥中,重金属Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)均未检出。     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

地方传真

内蒙古提升涉重金属行业准入门槛 内蒙古自治区近日印发的《内蒙古自治区重金属污染综合防治“十二五”规划》提出,“十二五”期间,内蒙古重点防控区主要重金属污染物排放量比2007年降低15％,非重点防控区主要重金属污染物排放总量不超过2007年水平。     

Vulcan_(42)消解—原子荧光测定土壤和沉积物中的砷汞

建立了全自动样品处理系统Vulcan 42-原子荧光光度法测定土壤和沉积物中砷和汞的方法。准确称取0.2500 g样品,经Vulcan42全自动消解系统消解后,采用原子荧光光度计测定砷和汞的含量。运用该方法砷的检出限为0.11 mg/kg,回收率在96%¹01%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.3%101%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.3%⁴.5%之间;汞的检出限为0.003 mg/kg,回收率在90%4.5%之间;汞的检出限为0.003 mg/kg,回收率在90%¹08%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.5%108%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.5%⁴.7%之间。     

胶东半岛农村地区地下水重金属健康风险评价——以山东省莱阳市为例

重金属健康风险评价对居民身体健康具有重要意义。使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了莱阳市农村的31个地下水体中重金属Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cd和Cr的含量水平,阐明了该地区重金属的空间分布特征、来源及其迁移规律,并运用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,该地区地下水中Cr未检出,Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn和Cd的浓度范围分别是0～59、23～905、29～50 700、3～2 999、0～1μg/L。根据我国饮用水质量标准,所有样点中Cu和Cd的浓度未超标,Zn、Mn和Fe的超标率分别为22.58%、16.13%和6.45%,个别样点超标倍数甚高。健康风险评价结果表明,Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn通过饮用水途径产生的健康风险平均值分别为3.49×10-10、1.91×10-10、100.50×10-10、37.40×10-10a-1,均远低于ICRP(5×10-5a-1)和USEPA(1×10-4a-1)的最大可接受风险水平。但是Zn和Mn对人体健康危害的平均个人年风险明显高于其他地区,因此,该研究区非致癌物Zn和Mn的污染来源及其环境行为应该引起重视。该研究为该区域水质污染状况研究及治理监管工作提供理论依据,为其他地区重金属的监测和质量控制提供参考。     

降雨对华北土石山区侧柏林土壤呼吸的影响

采用碱液吸收法(AA法)对北京西部山区不同降雨处理的典型侧柏林的土壤呼吸速率做了测定。同时测定了土壤呼吸测定点的土壤温度、土壤水分及气温和湿度等气象因子。结果表明5 mm、10 mm、20 mm降雨处理对侧柏林土壤呼吸都有促进作用,而50 mm降雨处理以及50 mm频率降雨对土壤呼吸的促进作用不明显。研究发现降雨导致土壤含水量升高并造成土壤呼吸的温度敏感性降低,Q10为1.1左右。通径分析的结果表明7 cm土壤温度、空气温度、大气相对湿度对各降雨处理的土壤呼吸速率的直接效应是最为显著的,其中对土壤呼吸影响最大的因素是温度。     

农地利用对露天煤矿废弃地土壤质量的影响

露天采矿对土壤质量造成了剧烈扰动,采矿废弃地的土地利用方式是影响复垦地生态恢复的重要原因。文章选择平朔露天煤矿区的设施农用地、耕地、人工草地、裸荒地和原始农田等5种典型土地利用方式为研究对象,通过野外调查,对比分析了土壤物理性质、团聚体稳定性、养分状况和酶活。结果显示受采矿扰动后的废弃裸荒地土壤质量严重下降,农地复垦有利于恢复和保护矿区废弃地土壤,但不同农地利用方式对土壤质量恢复存在显著差异。设施农用地有利于土壤的理化性质、团聚体稳定性、养分状况和土壤生物活性的全面恢复,耕地和人工草地的复垦对容重、团聚体稳定性和土壤酶活具有一定改善作用,但难以在2年内达到原地貌相当水平,养分状况较废弃裸荒地几乎没有改善。研究结果说明,设施农用地可以较快地恢复矿山废弃地土壤质量,耕地和人工草地如果缺乏科学合理的肥力管理措施很难在短期内取得成效。