Spatial variations of aluminum species in drinking water supplies in Xi’an studied applying geographic information system

This article aimed to investigate the variation of aluminum species and the effects of coagulant type and water quality on aluminum speciation in drinking water.Statistical analysis showed that the concentration of total aluminum(AlT) of drinking water in Xi'an ranged from 0.051 to 0.417 mg/L and the concentration of AlT in about 24.7% studied samples was higher than the currently recommended value(0.2 mg/L).The areas fed by surface water plants had a larger portion(39.4%) of samples over the recommended value.In drinking water treated by alum coagulant,the average concentration of monomeric aluminum(Ala) was higher than that in water treated by poly aluminum chlorine(PACl) and poly aluminum ferric chloride(PAFC).The average concentrations of polynuclear aluminum(Alb) and colloidal/suspended aluminum(Alc) in the drinking water treated by alum were lower than those in water treated by PACl and PAFC.There was a notable decrease in AlT along with the delivery pipeline away from the plants,with an average decline of about 36 μg/(L·km).Besides coagulant type,water quality also could afflect aluminum speciation.In drinking water without orthophosphate,the concentrations of Ala and AlT were positively correlated with pH;while,in drinking water with orthophosphate,the concentrations of Ala and AlT were negatively correlated with pH.The addition of orthophosphate salts in the drinking water treatment process would be an effective method for aluminum control in pH range 6.5-8.2.     

濒危物种的保护

截止到2009年底,我国共建立大熊猫自然保护区62处,总面积近320万公顷,使70％的野生大熊猫个体得到有效保护,野生大熊猫种群数量发展到近1600只,野生大熊猫濒危状况得到有效缓解。而白鳍豚同样作为我国的独有物种,1980年代初有400多头,1990年调查时有200来头,至1995年不足100头,进入2000年的时候,据估计白鳍豚大概仅剩二三十头,被列为世界级的濒危动物,而目前的濒危等级为功能性灭绝。     

化工企业加强施工队伍及人员安全管理的探讨

化工企业设备检修、改扩建过程中经常需要外来施工队伍协作,然而外来施工人员大多是农民工且流动性大,给施工企业安全生产带来了隐患,因此笔者提出从外来施工队伍和人员的入厂开始进行严格把关,采取安全培训教育、现场监督检查等手段加强外来施工人员的安全管理,从而减小事故的发生.     

闽东地区外来生物入侵问题研究

闽东地区近年来外来生物入侵问题凸显,给当地造成了巨大的生产损失和严重的环境损害.文中介绍了该地主要入侵生物的危害和防治状况、分析了当前存在的问题、提出了相应的建议.     

互花米草对持续淹水胁迫的生理响应

对互花米草进行了40cm水深的持续淹水胁迫,研究了其生理指标的响应.结果显示,淹水胁迫下,互花米草叶片中可溶性糖含量和叶绿索含量在初期均显著低于对照,随后逐渐积累并高于对照.丙二醛含量在初期显著高于对照,随后与对照组的差异逐渐减小,至生长季末与对照水平相当.过氧化物酶活性在淹水后63d内均高于对照,至生长季末则低于对照,而超氧化物歧化酶活性则始终高于对照.至生长季末,持续淹水胁迫条件下的互花米草生物量低于对照,其形态学上表现为植株矮小、根系变短、节长变短、地下部分所占生物量比重降低.研究结果表明,持续淹水胁迫对互花米草的生理指标产生影响,但互花米草可以通过生理和形态学的响应来适应这种胁迫,因此,必须进一步结合其它物理控制措施进行综合治理.     

水溶液中嗪草酮的光化学行为研究

以氙灯为光源模拟太阳光,研究了农药嗪草酮(MT)在水溶液中的光降解;探讨了pH值以及天然水体中广泛存在的光敏荆腐殖酸、硝酸根和Fe3+等对嗪草酮间接光解的影响;测量了嗪草酮量子产率及其与活性氧类物种(ROS)·OH和1O2的反应速率常数.结果表明,在pH值3.5-9.5范围内,嗪草酮直接光降解速率随pH值升高而降低.pH=7时,腐殖酸具有光屏蔽作用而抑制嗪草酮光降解,硝酸根和Fe3+对嗪草酮间接光降解基本没有作用.嗪草酮与1O2反应速率常数为0 mol-1·L·s-1,与·OH反应速率常数为5.7×109mol-1Ls-1.在天然水体中嗪草酮与·OH反应最小半衰期为68 h,远远大于北纬40.(40°N)下直接光解半衰期.以上研究结果表明,嗪草酮直接光解占主导作用,其量子产率为0.01.预测在40°N春、夏、秋、冬时嗪草酮直接光解半衰期分别为1.44、1.08、2.58和5.10h,室外太阳光照实验结果显示,在40°N秋季嗪草酮的半衰期为2.98 h,与理论预测值接近.     

应用物种敏感性分布评估DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险

介绍了利用物种敏感性分布（SSD）进行生态风险评价的原理与步骤,构建了淡水生物对DDT和林丹的物种敏感性分布.在此基础上,计算了DDT和林丹对不同类别生物的HC5(Hazardous Concentration for 5% the species)阈值,预测了不同浓度DDT和林丹对生物可能造成的危害,并比较了不同类别生物对DDT和林丹的敏感性,以及DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险.结果表明,DDT和林丹对淡水生物的HC5值分别为1.70μg·L-1和5.96μg·L-1 ,DDT对生态系统的危害大于林丹.当DDT或林丹的浓度为5μg·L-1时,对生态系统仅有轻微影响,而当DDT或林丹的浓度为500μg·L-1时,将有81.5%的物种受到DDT的危害,或有68.1%的物种受到林丹的危害.不同类别生物对DDT的敏感性从甲壳类、昆虫和蜘蛛类到鱼类依次降低,对林丹的敏感性大小依次为昆虫和蜘蛛类、甲壳类、鱼类.与林丹相比,DDT对淡水脊椎动物与无脊椎动物以及甲壳类和鱼类的生态风险较大,而对昆虫和蜘蛛类,林丹与DDT的生态风险差别不大.     

Methane dehydroaromatization over Mo-modified H-MFI for gas to liquid catalysts

For direct gas to liquid (GTL),a novel process producing energy sources for methane dehydroaromatization is needed.Supporting MoO3 on H-MFI zeolite shows the high catalytic capacity and a selective activity for dehydroaromatization of methane to benzene at 973 K in a fixed bed reactor.On the other hand,deactivation by coke on the active sites in all the catalysts is formed during the reaction.H2 co-feed suppressed the deactivation,which is probably due to the decrease in coking amount.Mo K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) results showed the formation of dispersed Mo2C species with low crystallinity after dehydroaromatization.Mo L-edge XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) indicated the formation of active Mo species including Mo2C and Mo-oxycarbide (MoOxCy),where the red-ox state should be independent in the absence/presence of H2.It is concluded that Mo-oxycarbide species act as highly active species,and their stability affected the durable activity in the presence of H2.     

辽宁省主要自然保护区外来入侵植物的调查分析

通过野外实地调查,对辽宁省的4个国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物的种类数量和分布现状进行了调查分析。结果表明,老铁山、鸭绿江口、医巫闾山、九龙川4个自然保护区内的外来入侵植物分别为27,10,7和6种,总计16科36种。依据保护区内外来入侵植物的特点和生态影响,提出了一些有效的管理措施和防治建议。     

宠物贸易引发疾病与经济问题

新的研究表明,环境、经济以及健康正在受到外来物种的影响,而且这种影响无处不在,作用力巨大。野生动物贸易甚至有可能加大疾病爆发的风险,比如目前爆发的猪流感。