南京北郊大气VOCs变化特征及来源解析

利用2011-03-01~2012-02-29南京北郊大气VOCs观测资料,对大气VOCs浓度变化特征和特征物比值差异展开研究,并应用PCA/APCS受体模型对不同季节VOCs来源进行了解析.结果表明,南京大气总VOCs体积混合比为43.52×10-9,其中烷烃占45.1%、烯烃占25.3%、炔烃占7.3%和芳香烃占22.3%.总VOCs体积混合比呈现夏季高,冬季低的季节变化.VOCs组分中烷烃在冬季最高,烯烃夏季最高,芳香烃春季最高,炔烃冬季最高.特征物比值(VOCs/乙炔)和T/B比值反映出观测点受周边工业区影响较大.VOCs源解析表明,主要来源来自工厂生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生产活动挥发、溶剂使用和自然源.虽然有季节变化,但与工业生产活动相关的来源占大气VOCs 45%~63%,其次为机动车来源占34%~50%.     

A comparative study on the alternating mesophilic and thermophilic two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste

An alternating mesophilic and thermophilic two stage anaerobic digestion(AD) process was conducted. The temperature of the acidogenic(A) and methanogenic(M) reactors was controlled as follows: System 1(S1) mesophilic A-mesophilic M;(S2) mesophilic A-thermophilic M; and(S3)thermophilic A-mesophilic M. Initially, the AD reactor was acclimatized and inoculated with digester sludge. Food waste was added with the soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) concentrations of41.4–47.0 g/L and volatile fatty acids of 2.0–3.2 g/L. Based on the results, the highest total chemical oxygen demand removal(86.6%) was recorded in S2 while S3 exhibited the highest SCOD removal(96.6%). Comparing S1 with S2, total solids removal increased by 0.5%; S3 on the other hand decreased by 0.1 % as compared to S1. However, volatile solids(VS) removal in S1, S2, and S3was 78.5%, 81.7%, and 79.2%, respectively. S2 also exhibited the highest CH4 content, yield, and production rate of 70.7%, 0.44 L CH4/g VSadded, and 1.23 L CH4/(L·day), respectively. Bacterial community structure revealed that the richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance of S2 were high except for the archaeal community. The terminal restriction fragments dendrogram also revealed that the microbial community of the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors in S2 was distinct. Therefore,S2 was the best among the systems for the operation of two-stage AD of food waste in terms of CH4production, nutrient removal, and microbial community structure.     

Characteristics of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China

A field measurement campaign for ozone and ozone precursors(VOCs and NOx) was conducted in summer 2011 around a petroleum refinery in the Beijing rural region. Three observation sites were arranged, one at southwest of the refinery as the background, and two at northeast of the refinery as the downwind receptors. Monitoring data revealed the presence of serious surface O3 pollution with the characteristics of high average daily mean and maximum concentrations(64.0 and 145.4 ppbV in no-rain days, respectively) and multi-peak diurnal variation. For NOx, the average hourly concentrations of NO2 and NO were in the range of 20.5–46.1 and 1.8–6.4 ppbV, respectively. For VOC measurement, a total of 51 compounds were detected. Normally, TVOCs at the background site was only dozens of ppbC, while TVOCs at the downwind sites reached several hundreds of ppbC. By subtracting the VOC concentrations at background, chemical profiles of VOC emission from the refinery were obtained, mainly including alkanes(60.0% ± 4.3%), alkenes(21.1% ± 5.5%) and aromatics(18.9% ± 3.9%). Moreover, some differences in chemical profiles for the same measurement hours were observed between the downwind sites; the volume ratios of alkanes with low reactivity and those of alkenes with high reactivity respectively showed an increasing trend and a decreasing trend. Finally, based on temporal and spatial variations of VOC mixing ratios, their photochemical degradations and dispersion degradations were estimated to be 0.15–0.27 and 0.42–0.62, respectively, by the photochemical age calculation method, indicating stronger photochemical reactions around the refinery.     

超声破解耦合蛋白酶强化污泥厌氧产甲烷的研究

本文在厌氧反应器探究了超声破解对生物酶强化污泥厌氧消化的影响,实验结果表明超声能促进生物酶强化污泥厌氧发酵生产挥发性脂肪酸,且最佳的超声能量密度为0.9kW/L,相应的VFA的产量为2596mg/L是空白组的1.5倍。超声能量密度对VFA的组分影响不明显。超声能够促进污泥中溶解性化学需氧量,溶解性蛋白质和多糖的增加,为后续产酸菌提供了发酵基质。     

工业园区土壤累积环境影响分析

本文采用定量分析方法,对甘肃永昌工业园区挥发性有机物在土壤中的累积环境影响进行了分析。结果表明,在正常生产情况下,苯、甲苯、二甲苯等挥发性有机物对土壤环境的累积影响十分有限。     

绿色经纬

[绿色搜索]今年环保部将对重金属污染下狠手日前,国家环保部部长周生贤表示,要以最严厉的措施整治重点行业重金属排放企业环境污染问题。2012年的环保专项行动将解决重金属污染问题,加强重金属污染防治,全面整治有色金属矿采选、冶炼     

有机溶剂使用行业VOCs排放控制标准体系的构建

"十二五"期间我国将在重点区域和重点行业对挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行控制,因此迫切需要建立VOC8排放控制相关标准体系.有机溶剂使用是VOCs排放的主要污染源之一,通过对有机溶剂使用典型行业VOCs排放特征的研究,提出了我国有机溶剂使用行业VOCs排放控制标准体系框架.该体系结构上包括通用型标准、工艺型标准和行业型标...     

渗透蒸发技术去除水中的挥发性有机污染物

渗透蒸发技术是一种新型膜分离技术,主要用于有机溶剂脱水、水中脱除有机物与有 机物之间的分离。本文主要介绍渗透蒸发技术在脱除水中挥发性有机污染物方面的应用。     

回流萃取法提取水中有机物

通过对水中壬基酚及其聚氧乙烯醚等的提取试验，发现回流萃取是提取水中半挥发性有机物的一种很有效的方法。对提取剂进行了选择，表明环己烷效果较好，具有较好的回收率和较好的重现性。为保证高沸点壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚加合物的回收率在95％以上，取90min作为回流萃取时间。最后对回流萃取法的优点作了较详细的阐述。     

中国加油站挥发性有机物排放研究

为了研究加油站挥发性有机物对环境的影响,在考虑经济发展、交通承载力、人口密度和政策导向的情况下,应用排放因子法估算出2010-2030年中国加油站挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放趋势.估算结果表明,2010年VOCs排放总量为228.30千吨,2030年排放量可达1 271.03千吨,主要来自卸油及加油过程,分别占总量的47.64％和52.36％,其中汽油类排放占主导地位,为96.85％.加油站一级、二级回收系统分别可回收45.25％和41.89％的油气,如果两种技术联用则具有协同作用,可回收87.15％.据估算仅2030年一年可减少经济损失9.93× 109元.