植物大战重金属

镉大米背后,是被重金属污染的土地。这些土地如何修复?植物修复技术脱颖而出,其中植物提取是目前最有效的方法:利用超富集植物的根系从土壤中吸取重金属,并将其转移、贮存到植物的地上部分,然后收割地上部分,连续种植超积累植物即可将土壤中的重金属降到可接受水平。但最重要的,是在源头控制住污染。     

废弃线路板热解油中酚类物质的提取与分离

将FR-4型废弃线路板热解,并对热解油中含量最多的组分-酚类物质进行分离提取.比较研究线路板热解油的分离提取方法,探索出"碱液处理-酸化-萃取-减压蒸馏"的新方法,对分离出的组分进行GCMS(气质联用)测试.结果显示运用该方法对FR-4型线路板的热解油进行提取分离,得到的总酚占热解油的62.0%,其中苯酚的最高纯度可达...     

猪粪中典型类固醇雌激素的固相萃取/GC-MS检测

以猪粪中常见且具有较大潜在危害的E1(雌酮),17α-E2(17α-雌二醇),17β-E2(17β-雌二醇)和E3(雌三醇)为研究对象,建立了猪粪中这4种典型类固醇雌激素的GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱)分析检测方法.着重优化了样品的前处理方法,包括对超声提取剂、超声提取时间、固相萃取淋洗剂、衍生化温度和时间的优化选择.结果表明:在优化的试验条件下,猪粪中的典型雌激素E1,17α-E2,17β-E2和E3检出限分别为8.0,2.5,5.1和3.3 μg/kg,平均加标回收率在92.3%～137.4%之间.      

基于LandsatTM数据的济宁市水体识别方法研究

文章基于济宁市2009年LANDSAT TM影像,根据影像各波段间的相关性和地物在各影像上的灰度差异,分别采用单波段阈值法、多波段谱间关系法、改进的水体指数法(MNDWI)及HIS空间水体提取模型法对济宁市水体信息进行识别提取。在此基础上,结合归一化指数法和HIS空间水体提取模型,提出了一种综合性的水体信息提取方法,并对各方法提取结果进行了精度评价。结果表明,已有方法对济宁市水体识别存在一定的缺陷,而综合法集成了归一化指数法和HIS空间水体模型的优点,很好地弥补了已有方法的不足,对济宁市水体信息进行了较好的提取,尤其是细小水体,同时也很好地消除了建筑物、阴影、水生植被等的影响,提高了济宁市水体信息识别的精度,为更好地定量评价济宁市地表水体时空演变规律等提供帮助。     

蠡湖表层沉积物中磷的形态与赋存特征及其生物有效性

采用连续分级提取法研究了蠡湖表层沉积物中有机磷和无机磷的形态及其赋存特征,同时结合间隙水体中DTP(溶解性总磷)的空间分布特征,讨论了各形态磷的生物有效性及其释放风险. 结果表明,蠡湖沉积物中的磷以IP(无机磷)为主,w(IP)占w(TP)的58.09%. IP中以生物可利用性差的Ca-P_i(Ca结合态无机磷)占优势,w(Ca-P_i)为(207.75±48.56)mg/kg,占w(IP)的48.97%;沉积物OP(有机磷)中以活性最差的NA-P_o(非活性有机磷)占绝对优势,w(NA-P_o)为(195.33±50.73)mg/kg,占w(OP)的67.09%. 间隙水中的磷以DIP(溶解性无机磷)为主,ρ(DIP)占ρ(DTP)的11.86%~86.13%,平均值为59.65%. WA-P_i(弱吸附态无机磷)、PA-P_i(潜在活性无机磷)、Fe/Al-P_i(Fe/Al结合态无机磷)、WA-P_o(弱吸附态有机磷)、PA-P_o(潜在活性有机磷)的质量分数均与间隙水中ρ(DTP)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),w(Ca-P_i)与间隙水中ρ(DTP)呈正相关(P<0.05),w(NA-P_o)与间隙水中ρ(DTP)无显著的相关性. 因此,即使在外源磷得到有效控制的情况下,沉积物中的IP及高活性有机磷的释放仍有可能导致湖泊富营养化状态维持不变.      

环境污染监测中的植物光谱效应研究

介绍了健康植物光谱特征及各波段反射率的影响因子,以及植物受到污染胁迫后其光谱特征的变化情况,如可见光、近红外波段光谱反射率升高或降低,红边漂移等,同时指出污染物质主要通过改变植物叶片的色素含量而对植物光谱产生影响。阐述了污染植物光谱信息提取方法,及植物光谱效应在环境污染遥感监测中的应用情况,提出了今后高光谱遥感在植物监测应用方面需要进一步解决的问题。     

微囊藻毒素分离及鉴定

微囊藻毒素是一类由蓝藻产生的具有肝毒性的生物毒素。微囊藻毒素标准品是开展为微囊藻毒素相关研究的必需的实验材料,文章以滇池天然水华蓝藻为原料,建立了以5%乙酸和75%的甲醇溶液提取,通过优化提取、分离和制备条件,制备了一定量的微囊藻毒素高纯度样品,经HPLC鉴定分析,纯度可达90%以上。文章在相同的质谱条件下分别对MC-LR和[Dha7]MC-LR等毒素进行了质谱检测,一级质谱结果表明,MC-LR和[Dha7]MC-LR的一价电离离子峰分别为995和981,MC-RR的二价电离离子峰为520,并分析它们的二级质谱裂解特征,确定三种毒素化学结构MC-RR为环(Ala-Arg-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Mdha)、MC-LR为环(Ala-Leu-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Mdha)、[Dha7]MC-LR为环(Ala-Leu-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Dha)。改良后的检测方法同样应用于检测受微囊藻毒素污染的武汉东湖水样。     

土壤中苯并(a)芘提取方法的比较研究

本文选取了索氏提取、自动索氏提取、压力流体提取、微波提取和超声提取5种常用的土壤提取方法,以苯并(a)芘为例对提取的效果进行比较研究。结果表明,这5种提取方法的精密度和准确度方面都没有显著性差异,都是适合土壤中苯并(a)芘的提取方法。在精密度方面,压力流体提取法和超声提取法略优于其他方法。在加标回收率方面,索氏提取和压力流体提取法略优于其他方法。5种提取方法提取有证标准物质,测定结果的平均值全部在置信区间内。在实际工作中,可以根据实验室具体情况选择适合的提取方法。     

Mobilities and leachabilities of heavy metals in sludge with humus soil

Chemical forms of Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb in municipal sewage sludge were investigated by adding humus soil to sludge and by performing sequential extraction procedures. In the final sludge mixtures, Zn and Ni were mainly found in Fe/Mn oxide-bound (F3) and organic matter/sulfide-bound (F4) forms. For Zn, exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), and F3 forms were transformed to F4 and residual forms (F5). For Ni, F1 and F2 forms were transformed to F1, F2, and F3 forms. Both Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable forms F4 and F5. For Cu, F2 and F3 forms were major contributors, while for Pb, F3 and F4 forms were major contributors to F5. Humus soil dosage and pH conditions in the sludge were strongly correlated with the forms of heavy metals. Five forms were used to evaluate metal mobilities in the initial and final sludge mixtures. The mobilities of the four heavy metals studied decreased after 28 days. The metal mobilities in the final sludge mixtures were ranked in the following order: Ni > Zn > Cu = Pb. Leaching tests showed that the mobilities of Zn and Ni in lower pH conditions (pH 4) were higher than those in higher pH conditions (pH 8).     

TiO2 nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples

An analytical method based on TiO2 nanotubes solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography (GC) was established for the analysis of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): acenaphtylene, acenaphthene, anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene. Factors a ecting the extraction e ciency including the eluent type and its volume, adsorbent amount, sample volume, sample pH and sample flow rate were optimized. The characteristic data of analytical performance were determined to investigate the sensitivity and precision of the method. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.01–0.8 g/mL, repeatability of the extraction (RSD were between 6.7% and 13.5%, n = 5) and satisfactory detection limits (0.017–0.059 ng/mL). The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of surface water (tap, river and dam) samples. The recoveries of PAHs spiked in environmental water samples ranged from 90% to 100%. All the results indicated the potential application of titanate nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbents to pre-treat water samples.