比重计法测定土壤颗粒组成的研究

介绍了比重计法的原理和方法,对随机选取的10个土样的颗粒组成进行了分析测定,根据国际制土壤质地分类标准确定出土壤的质地名称。     

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch airlift reactors

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactors(SBAR) at 25,30,and 35°C,respectively.The effect of temperature on the granules characteristics was analyzed and the microbial community structures of the granules were probed using scanning electron microscope(SEM) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that 30°C is optimum for matured granule cultivation,where the granules had a more compact structure,better settling abili...     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles by thermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric material whose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td- GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to characterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids, nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units in macromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption products and pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainly determined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formation process maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban and forest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

颗粒污泥接种UASB反应器处理废纸造纸废水的试验研究

采用颗粒污泥接种UASB厌氧反应器处理废纸造纸废水,对其可生化性及能降解程度进行研究。通过持续近2个月的运行实验可知：在进水CODCr质量浓度为2000—3000mg,L的情况下,COD容积负荷最高可达到20kg/（m3·d）左右,水力停留时间可缩短至4h,有机污染物的去除率稳定保持在80％-90％的范围内,并且运行稳定。     

序批式颗粒污泥系统中磷的变化和去向分析

在实验室序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理系统中以普通活性污泥为接种污泥,采用厌氧-好氧的运行方式提高系统的除磷效果.同时培养颗粒污泥,并对系统中磷的变化和去向进行分析.结果表明,整个试验共运行146 d,成熟颗粒污泥平均粒径为603μm,污泥体积指数(SVI)约为30 mL.g-1,COD去除率可达90%,磷的去除率可达95%左右.颗粒污泥系统除厌氧放磷和好氧聚磷以外,还存在明显的污泥颗粒积磷现象.磷的去除途径主要为:系统排泥(出水悬浮物和专门排泥)和污泥积磷.由厌氧末期颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果可知,化学沉淀是污泥积磷的一种重要方式,大量的金属离子会与磷形成无机盐沉积在污泥颗粒上.     

Granulation of filamentous microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor with saline wastewater

Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fas...     

汽油车非常规污染物排放特性研究

选择3种不同排量的典型汽油车,基于国Ⅲ标准的轻型车排放测试循环,用SKC采样泵和2, 4-DNPH、Tenax TA采样管采集尾气中的非常规污染物,利用高效液相色谱仪和热脱附气相色谱质谱联用仪分析汽油车排放中醛酮类化合物和挥发性有机物的组成及含量,同时利用电子低压冲击仪研究了其颗粒物排放的粒径和质量浓度分布特征.结果表明,不同汽油车之间非常规污染物的比排放值有较大差异,3辆汽油车总醛酮比排放量分别为36.44、 16.71、 10.43 mg/km,TVOC分别为155.39、 103.75、 42.29 mg/km.排放的醛酮化合物中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙酮和环己酮的检出含量较高,占总醛酮量的77.9%～89.7%,且绝大部分为有毒有害物质;废气中挥发性有机物绝大部分为芳香烃和烷烃,分别占总数的31.6%～39.2%和23.1%～27.9%,其中又以芳香烃类化合物甲苯、二甲苯和苯的检出含量最高,平均占TVOC的16.68%、 16.87%和5.23%;其颗粒物排放以超细颗粒物（<100nm）为主,高速工况下排放的颗粒物明显多于低速和中速工况.     

黄河不同粒径悬浮物中POC含量及输运特征研究

悬浮物(TSS)粒径与颗粒有机碳(POC)含量关系的研究,是河流POC形态变化及输送过程和输运通量研究的基础.本研究在沉降分级法基础上,结合激光粒度仪粒度测定和多元线性回归分析的数据处理方法,对2005-06-29黄河利津站、2005-09-27黄河口低盐度区以及2006年11月兰州、潼关、花园口各站TSS样品分析发现：黄河TSS中POC与其对应的中值粒径存在良好的负指数关系,POC的极限值为0.56%,普遍低于世界其它河流;黄河不同区段站位TSS性质不同使各样品相同粒级间POC存在明显的差异,黄河口站>花园口站>兰州站>潼关站>利津站,如<8 μm粒级TSS中POC依次是0.661%、 0.627%、 0.550%、 0.505%、 0.493%;黄河各粒级TSS所承载的POC量占样品POC总量的比例在不同区段各样品间极其相近,POC随TSS粒径增大显著递减, 80%以上的POC集中在<16 μm的TSS中,而粒径<32 μm的TSS承载了95%以上的POC.可见虽然黄河自西向东横跨5　000　km之多,落差达4　000　m以上,但POC的输运规律具有一致性,TSS粒径是控制POC输运特性的主要因素.     

EGSB反应器中实现完全自营养脱氮与运行优化

同时接种好氧氨氧化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥启动EGSB反应器,培养完全自营养脱氮颗粒污泥,总氮去除速率达0.101 kg·(m³·d)^-1.基于边界层假设模拟颗粒污泥与液相主体间的传质过程,并将其与颗粒污泥内传质过程以及好氧氨氧化、厌氧氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化过程相耦合,建立了颗粒污泥完全自营养脱氮模型,应用实验结果对模型进行了验证.根据模拟结果对EGSB反应器运行条件进行优化,总氮平均去除效率由52%提高到61%,平均去除速率由0.103 kg·(m³·d)^-1提高到0.114 kg·(m³·d)^-1.     

温度对好氧颗粒污泥吸附铅离子的影响

由活性污泥培养得到好氧颗粒污泥,研究了温度对好氧颗粒污泥吸附Pb²⁺的影响.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥主要含有C、H、N、O、P等元素,其经验结构式为C_5.7H_10.9O3.9NS_0.04.好氧颗粒污泥表面主要由球状细菌组成,具有明显的孔隙结构.在20～40℃时,Pb²⁺在好氧颗粒污泥上的吸附过程可以由Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程进行拟合（R²>0.914）.Pb2+最大吸附量Qmax由80.65 mg·g-1（20℃）增至97.09　mg·g-1（40℃）.吸附过程的表观自由能变ΔG<0、 ΔH>0、 ΔS>0,表明Pb2+在好氧颗粒污泥表面的吸附为吸热、熵增的自发过程.红外扫描分析(FTIR)结果表明,吸附过程Pb2+主要与—OH、蛋白质中的—COOH以及PO发生作用,与含氮官能团无关.