绿色制造评价系统与评价方法的研究及应用

 绿色制造是实现可持续发展的必然选择.绿色制造评价是保证工业产品制造“绿色程度”的关键技术.本文论述了绿色制造及其评价系统和评价方法,并通过实例验证了该评价系统的可行性和实用性.     

用改进的高密度污泥法处理高炉废水

改进的高密度污泥法是一种处理含有大量锌和氰化物的高炉废水的方法。该方法是将铁加入高炉废水中以分解锌——氰化物络合物,用高密度污泥法使锌呈氢氧化锌,氰化物呈亚铁氰化物沉淀析出。试验室结果表明,对于含锌达70mg/L,含氰化物达30mg/L的高炉废水,加入可溶性铁可使可溶锌浓度降低到0.3mg/L以下,总氰化物浓度降低到2.0mg/L以下。浓缩池浓浆的污泥密度可达到10～25%(含固体),从而使处理费用降至最少。     

ICP—AES法直接测定电镀废水中金属元素

ICP—AES方法能同时测定多种元素,且具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、线性范围宽、干扰少等优点。因此,已被广泛应用于多种样品的测定。对于工业污水的测定,只需对水样作简单处理(或不处理),即可同时直接测定多种元素。我们利用国产仪器,以ICP—AES技术直接测定了电镀废水中Cr、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni 6种元素。实验结果表明,精密度和准确度较好,基本满足电镀废水测定的要求。实验部分一、仪器与试剂(一)仪器与参数1.ICP—D型高频等离子体发生器频率:31+4MHz,最大输出功率:3.5kw,阳极电流:0.85A,阳极电压:3800V,栅极     

等速电泳法测定水中Cl^—,NO2^—,I^—含量

等速电泳是利用电化学进行分离和分析的新技术。1985年.J.Vacik报道了井水和废水中 Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)的测定。J.C.Reijenga报道了重水中金属离子的测定。本文对前导电介质、尾随电介质、仪器参数等方面作了探     

利用碱厂碱泥生产内墙涂料的研究

在以苛化法制烧碱的制碱企业，每年要产生大量的碱泥。文中从碱泥性质入手，介绍了利用碱泥生产内墙涂料的有关碱泥预处理、化学配方及涂料性能等几个方面的内容。利用碱泥生产内墙涂料具有成本低、工艺简单、性能好等优点，为碱泥的处理、利用开辟了新途径     

Removal of high concentrated ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate by landfilled waste layer

The landfill of municipal solid waste(MSW) could be regarded as denitrification reactor and involved in ammonia nitrogen biological removal process. In this research, the process was applied to municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China, which was characterized by high food waste content. The NH4^ removal efficiency in the system of SBR nitrifying reactor followed by fresh and matured landfilled waste layer in series was studied. In the nitrifying reactor, above 90% of NH4^ in leachate was oxidized to NO2^- and NO3^- . Then high concentrated NO2^- and NO3^- were removed in the way of denitrification process in fresh landfilled waste layer. At the same time, degradation of fresh landfilled waste was accelerated. Up to the day 120, 136.5 gC/(kg dry waste) and 17.9 gN/(kg dry waste) were converted from waste layer. It accounted for 50.15 % and 86.89 % of the total carbon and nitrogen content of preliminary fresh waste, which was 4.42 times and 5.17 times higher than that of reference column respectively. After filtering through matured landfilled waste, BOD5 concentration in leachate dropped to below 100 mg/L, which would not affect following nitrification adversely. Because the matured landfilled waste acted as a well methanogenic reactor, 23% of carbon produced accumulatively from fresh landfilled waste degradation was converted into CH4.     

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target

Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves (MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbonmarket, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex,dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared.Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties‘ total reduction requirements range from 503--1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140--612 MtC after USA‘ s withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21--77 BUSD with USA and from 5--36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions‘ share in the all mitigation strategies drons to only 0--16%.     

锑的淡水水质基准及其对我国水质标准的启示

针对我国锑水生生物水质基准缺乏的问题，收集筛选了锑对淡水水生生物的急性和慢性毒性数据，使用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法分别推导我国锑的淡水水质基准，通过综合分析和比较，选择物种敏感度分布法推导的急性和慢性的水质基准值（466.62μg/L和88.71μg/L）作为最终的基准推荐值.通过与国内外现有锑相关水质标准进行比较，提出在我国相关水质标准修订中分别制定保护水生生物和人体健康水质标准的建议，避免水质标准对水生生物的"过保护"问题.     

高浓度废水预处理

从分析冲击炼油污水处理的原因出发，阐述了高浓度废水预处理的重要性；重点介绍了三种好氧生物法处理技术；其中ＳＢＲ法由于工程技术日趋成熟，可优先推广应用     

松花江氯苯类有机污染物的水质标准制定

松花江具有冰封期较长,江水中有机毒物难降解、迁移距离长等环境特点.为了控制污染、保护生态环境、维护生态安全、结合松花江特点,研究并制定了松花江氯苯类有机污染物水质标准.本标准已列为地方标准(GB23/T901-2005).