南黄海表层海水重金属的变化特征及影响因素

根据1997～2004年每年1次的南黄海表层海水重金属(As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn)及有关环境因子的调查数据,重点研究了2003-10南黄海表层海水重金属的分布特征、控制其分布的生物地球化学机制以及8 a的年际变化趋势.结果表明,2003-10南黄海表层海水中As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的平均浓度分别为2.33、0.078、1.41、0.0036、0.37、6.21μg/L.8 a中重金属除Zn有明显的上升趋势外,其它元素变化较小.重金属的分布模式与离岸距离有关,即除Pb外,在离岸较远的南黄海中部地区含量较低,而近岸海区则普遍较高,这种分布模式典型地体现了人类活动对近海的影响.对于重金属在局部海区的分布,亦存在其它控制因子,如Pb受大气沉降影响较大, Cd与海水盐度和pH密切相关, Hg受海水中有机碳浓度影响较大,沉积物再悬浮影响着As的浓度与分布, Cu、Zn则典型地受到了径流和排污的影响.8 a海水重金属浓度的均值皆符合国家一类海水水质标准,采用潜在生态危害指数法(ERI)分析2003年6种重金属的叠加生态效应,结果显示海水总的重金属生态危害指数较可发生重金属生态危害的ERI值小一个数量级,这从重金属的角度说明南黄海海水质量良好.     

黄河三角洲湿地盐生植物氮和磷的根际效应

通过比较黄河三角洲湿地三种盐生植物柽柳(Tamarix chinensisLour).、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa Pall).和白茅(Imperata cylindrica Beauv.)的根际与非根际土壤中氮、磷的根际效应,分析了不同植物种类根际效应差异的原因。研究结果表明,三种盐生植物根际土壤总氮、速效氮以及有效磷的含量与非根际土壤相比均显著增加(p0.01),根际土壤的总磷含量也高于非根际土壤。柽柳植株对氮、盐地碱蓬植株对磷的富集作用最强,并表现出明显的根际累积效应,这一结果对于滨海湿地氮、磷污染截留的植物修复技术建立具有重要的指导意义。同时,造成不同植物种类的根际效应差别的原因不同,pH值是影响柽柳根际速效氮累积效应的主要原因,而盐地碱蓬根际有效磷累积主要受到根际微生物和盐度变化的共同影响。     

Phosphorus utilization and microbial community in response to lead/iron addition to a waterlogged soil

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a viable option for helping to solve a wide range of water quality problems. However, heavy metals adsorbed by substrates would decrease the growth of plants, impair the functions of wetlands and eventually result in a failure of contaminant removal. Typha latifolia L., tolerant to heavy metals, has been widely used for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings under waterlogged conditions. This study examined e ects of iron as ferrous sulfate (100 and 500 mg/kg) and lead as lead nitrate (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on phosphorus utilization and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland. Wetland plants (T. latifolia) were grown for 8 weeks in rhizobags filled with a paddy soil under waterlogged conditions. The results showed that both the amount of iron plaque on the roots and phosphorus adsorbed on the plaque decreased with the amount of lead addition. When the ratio of added iron to lead was 1:1, phosphorus utilized by plants was the maximum. Total amount of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) was 23%–59% higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. The relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and methane oxidizing bacteria was also higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, but opposite was observed for other bacteria and fungi. Based on cluster analysis, microbial communities were mostly controlled by the addition of ferrous sulfate and lead nitrate in rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively.     

Heavy metal （Pb,Zn） uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four wetland plants with different radial oxygen loss

Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

2种水生植物根际溶液磷素时空变异及有机酸分泌

利用根际土壤溶液的原位抽提和微量样品分析技术,比较了喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和香蒲(Typhalatifolia)2种水生植物根际土壤溶液磷素含量的时空变异和根系分泌有机酸种类及数量的差异,从植物吸收磷素、根系分泌有机酸和根际土壤pH值变化等角度探讨了植物磷素高效净化的根际调控机制.结果表明,2种水生植物的根际溶液磷素含量均明显低于非根际溶液;喜旱莲子草的根际溶液磷酸根离子质量浓度(2.53 mg.L-1)显著低于香蒲的根际溶液(5.43mg.L-1)(p<0.05),且喜旱莲子草根系对土壤溶液磷酸根的影响范围大于香蒲.与香蒲相比,喜旱莲子草分泌了较多的苹果酸(浓度27.33μmol.L-1),在活化土壤磷素、促进根系对磷素的吸收方面起了更大的作用.喜旱莲子草吸收磷素的根际效应强于香蒲.     

库布齐沙漠油蒿灌丛土壤呼吸速率时空变异特征研究

利用Li-840红外气体分析仪和Li-6400-09土壤呼吸气室组装而成的动态密闭土壤呼吸测定系统,于2006年生长季对内蒙古库布齐沙漠油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)生态系统2种不同类型土壤的土壤呼吸速率进行了野外测定,分析了日动态、季节动态及其对环境因子的响应,并阐述了油蒿灌丛空间异质性的特征.结果表明,油蒿灌丛的土壤呼吸速率日动态呈单峰曲线,在12:00左右有最大值.在适宜的水分和温度条件下,生长季里土壤呼吸速率在7～8月份出现最大值.土壤呼吸速率的季节动态与土壤含水量有显著的相关关系,表明水分是限制生长季干旱区灌丛土壤呼吸的最重要因子,分别可以解释油蒿冠幅下土壤和裸地的土壤呼吸速率2006年主要生长季节(5～9月)变化的75%和77%.油蒿灌丛土壤呼吸速率在空间尺度上存在着显著的异质性.油蒿冠幅覆盖下的土壤呼吸速率季节平均值为(155.58±15.20) mg·(m²·h)^-1,要显著地大于灌丛间裸地的数值(110.50±6.77) mg·(m²·h)^-1.2种不同类型土壤的土壤呼吸速率是由于根生物量的差异引起的,根生物量可以解释2006年生长季库布齐油蒿灌丛土壤呼吸速率空间异质性的43%.结果表明,在植被覆盖度异质性较大的灌丛生态系统中,要准确定量生态系统碳的释放时,必须充分考虑小尺度上土壤呼吸的空间异质性.     

崇明东滩海三棱藨草生物硅分布及季节变化

利用Na2CO3连续提取法,分析了崇明东滩海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)体内生物硅(BSi)含量与分布特征.结果表明,BSi在海三棱藨草体内的分布存在明显的季节变化差异,在生物体中连续积累是BSi的一个主要特征.地上部分BSi含量变化范围为0.26% ~ 0.93%,地下部分为0.31% ~ 0.92%,果实中则为0.24% ~0.43%.地上部分含量明显高于其他部分,说明BSi主要沉积在蒸发强烈的叶片中,植株个体生长阶段是决定地上部分BSi含量的主要因素.统计分析显示,根际沉积物BSi和植物各器官BSi相关性均显著,说明海三棱藨草依从主动吸硅机制,从根际沉积物获取所需的Si.地上、地下部分BSi含量与有机氮(ON)、C/N、土壤温度、植株高度也存在明显的相关性.     

再生水中的Pb对萝卜根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响研究

采用盆栽方法研究再生水、再生水+Pb、清水+Pb处理浇灌萝卜,以清水浇灌为对照对萝卜根际土壤微生物群落的影响进行研究。结果表明:(1)土壤总PLFA含量及各菌群生物量从大到小依次为:再生水再生水+Pb清水清水+Pb。再生水灌溉有利于萝卜根际微生物各类群数量的增加,丰富微生物多样性。用含铅的溶液(再生水+Pb、清水+Pb)浇灌萝卜,可抑制土壤微生物各类群的数量,G-受到的抑制尤为明显。(2)主成分分析表明,再生水灌溉与对照相比,土壤微生物群落结构差异最大。(3)土壤微生物各类群与土壤速效钾、硝酸盐氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),真菌、放线菌与土壤有机质含量,G~+、G~-菌与p H均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。G~+、G~-与萝卜地下鲜重均呈极显著负相关(P0.01),土壤微生物各类群与地上部分硝酸盐含量、与根冠比呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。     

自组装纳米金修饰玻碳电极检测亚硝酸根

将N-［3-(三甲氧硅基)丙基］-乙二胺与金溶胶通过自组装制备亚硝酸根的电化学传感器.原子力显微镜图(AFM) 显示纳米金自组装在氨基硅烷修饰的玻碳电极表面.由于质子化的氨基硅烷与带负电的亚硝酸根间的相互作用以及纳米金对亚硝酸根具有较好的催化作用,亚硝酸根在该修饰电极上的氧化电位与在玻碳电极上的氧化电位相比负移了140 mV.利用微分脉冲伏安法和微分脉冲安培法研究了亚硝酸根电流响应信号与浓度间的关系.在最优实验条件下,亚硝酸根的氧化峰电流与其浓度在5.0×10^-7～1.0×10^-3 mol·L^-1的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系, 检测限可达到2.0×10^-7 mol·L^-1(信噪比为3). 用分光光度法及本研究提出的方法对实际样品中亚硝酸根的测定进行了比较,测定结果的差异很小.本研究所提出的测定亚硝酸根的方法具有较高的灵敏度和较好的重现性.