水质基准方法学中若干关键技术探讨

我国正在开展系统的水质基准研究,对发达国家的水质基准理论和技术处于学习和研究阶段. 物种敏感度分布分析、“最少毒性数据需求”以及基准的修正是水质基准推算中的若干关键技术. 以氨氮水生生物基准为例,对这些关键技术进行了研究与探讨,提出在我国本土生物毒性数据缺乏的情况下可在种的水平上对水质基准进行推算. 另外,可先利用全部生物的毒性数据进行物种敏感度分析,确定需重点获取的敏感生物类群的毒性数据,再用于基准推算,有望降低推算过程中对毒性数据量的需求. 最后,基于中美生物物种分布的差异,借鉴美国修订国家水质基准的水效应比法,提出利用生物效应比法对美国国家水质基准进行修订以获取我国水质基准.      

碳汞比对燃煤烟气中Hg脱除影响的实验研究

利用吸附反应器和袋式除尘器联合脱汞系统,研究了活性炭喷射对模拟烟气中元素汞的脱除影响。实验表明,吸附反应器对元素汞的脱除起主要作用,并且脱汞效率随碳汞比的增加而提高;碳汞比的变化对除尘器的脱汞效率影响不大。在碳汞比为4 000、6 000、8 000下,系统的脱汞效率分别为39.9%、42.5%、47.3%。实验同时探讨了除尘器滤袋上粉尘层的存在对脱汞效率的影响,结果表明:在表面过滤速度为0.98 m/min的实验条件下,在碳汞比为4 000、6 000、8 000下,粉尘层的脱汞效率分别为:3.65%、3.20%、3.66%。     

川西亚高山3个优势树种细根形态特征

林木细根(直径2 mm)拥有庞大而复杂的分枝系统,在森林生态系统养分循环过程中发挥重要作用,因此研究不同树种细根构型形态对树种地下生态位分离、共存和森林生态系统功能过程具有重要意义.选取川西亚高山3个优势树种——岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、粗枝云杉(Picea asperate)和红桦(Butula albosinensis),采用挖掘法采集完整的细根根系,依据根序分级方法,测定细根形态参数(直径、根长、比根长和比表面积).结果表明:细根形态在不同根序间差异显著,3个树种细根直径、根长随根序的升高而升高,比根长和比表面积随序级的升高而降低.不同树种间细根形态也表现出极显著差异,岷江冷杉、粗枝云杉和红桦细直径变化范围分别为0.31-0.85 mm、0.29-0.65 mm和0.23-0.55 mm,两个针叶树种(岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉)直径与根长均大于红桦.红桦的比根长和比表面积则高于两个针叶树种.综上所述,低级别根吸收能力更强而构建消耗更低;红桦比岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉根系吸收能力更强.     

Spent rechargeable lithium batteries in e-waste: composition and its implications

The amount of spent rechargeable lithium batteries （RLBs） is growing rapidly owing to wide application of these batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which obliges that spent RLBs should be handled properly. Identification of spent RLBs can supply fundamental information for spent RLBs recycling. This study aimed to determine the differences of physical components and chemical compositions among various spent RLBs. All the samplings of RLBs were rigorously dismantled and measured by an inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The results indicate that the average of total weight of the separator, the anode and the cathode accounted for over 60% of all the RLBs. The weight ratio of valuable metals ranged from 26% to 76%, and approximately 20% of total weight was Cu and Al. Moreover, no significant differences were found among different manufacturers, applications, and electrolyte types. And regarding portable electronic devices, there is also no significant difference in the Co-Li concentration ratios in the leaching liquid of RLBs.     

Cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of phosphorus in rainwater runoff

Self-made cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron （R-nZVI） was used to remove phosphorus in rainwater runoff. 80% of phosphorus in rainwater runoff from grassland was removed with an initial concentration of 0.72 mg. L-1 phosphorus when the dosage of R-nZVl is 8 g per liter rainwater, while only 26% of phosphorus was removed when using cation exchange resin without supported nanoscale zero-valent iron under the same condition. The adsorption capacity of R-nZVI increased up to 185 times of that of the cation exchange resin at a saturated equilibrium phosphorous concentration of 0.42 mg. L-1. Various techniques were implemented to characterize the R-nZVI and explore the mechanism of its removal of phosphate. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） indicated that new crystal had been formed on the surface of R-nZVI. The result from inductive coupled plasma （ICP） indicated that 2.1% of nZVI was loaded on the support material. The specific surface area was increased after the load of nanoscale zero-valent iron （nZVI）, according to the measurement of BET-N2 method. The result of specific surface area analysis also proved that phosphorus was removed mainly through chemical adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that the new product obtained from chemical reaction between phosphate and iron was ferrous phosphate.     

Oxidative treatment of aqueous monochlorobenzene with thermally-activated persulfate

The oxidation of aqueous monochlorobenzene （MCB） solutions using thermally- activated persulfate has been investigated. The influence of reaction temperature on the kinetics of MCB oxidation was examined, and the Arrenhius Equation rate constants at 20℃, 30℃, 40℃, 50℃, and 60℃ for MCB oxidation performance were calculated as 0, 0.001, 0.002, 0.015, 0.057 min-1, which indicates that elevated temperature accelerated the rate. The most efficient molar ratio ofpersulfate/MCB for MCB oxidation was determined to be 200 to 1 and an increase in the rate constants suggests that the oxidation process proceeded more rapidly with increasing persulfate/MCB molar ratios. In addition, the reactivity of persulfate in contaminated water is partly influenced by the presence of background ions such as CI-, HCO3, SO2 , and NO3. Importantly, a scavenging effect in rate constant was observed for both C1 and CO2- but not for other ions. The effective thermally activated persulfate oxidation of MCB in groundwater from a real contaminated site was achieved using both elevated reaction temperature and increased persulfate/MCB molar ratio.     

UV/TiO2去除水中磺胺甲 唑的动力学及影响因素分析

采用UV/TiO2工艺去除磺胺甲 唑(SMX),研究了SMX在纳米TiO2(Degussa P-25)悬浆体系中的光催化去除效果,考察了TiO2投加量、SMX初始质量浓度、pH值、CO32-和叔丁醇等因素对SMX去除效果的影响.结果表明,UV/TiO2工艺可以有效地去除水中的SMX,其反应过程符合拟一级反应动力学模型.当TiO2投加量为500mg/L,SMX初始质量浓度为5mg/L,反应液pH值为7时,SMX的去除率达到98.76%,反应速率常数k为0.1438min-1,半衰期t1/2为4.82min.相同条件下,反应速率在TiO2投加量为500mg/L 时最大,pH7时最大,并随SMX初始质量浓度增加而降低.少量CO32-投加不利于SMX的去除,但大量CO32-投加明显促进反应速率.叔丁醇对SMX光催化去除存在显著的抑制效果.同时引入和计算了每一对数减小级电能输入(EEo)指标以评价该工艺的电能利用效率.     

蒙特卡洛法计算750kV输电线路绕击跳闸率的研究

利用GDS多功能三轴仪,通过控制土样应变增量比开展了饱和砂土部分排水三轴试验;利用超静孔隙水压力、有效应力路径和应力应变关系三方面的实验结果,研究了饱和砂土的渐近状态特性。研究表明,控制应变增量比为常数进行常规三轴加载时,饱和砂土的有效应力比也趋于某一常数,形成渐近状态,且渐近状态应力比随应变增量比的增大而减小。基于土的剪胀特性给出了渐近状态形成的物理机制,并给出了北京某砂土在部分排水条件下渐近状态应力比的试验结果。     

洱海水体氮磷时空分布及其对ρ(Chla)的影响

为探讨影响洱海藻类生长的主要水质因子,对洱海近20年的水质变化及2009—2010年水质和ρ(Chla)时空变化进行了研究. 结果表明,1992年以来上覆水中ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(Chla)总体呈上升趋势,近年来有所下降,ρ(Chla)与ρ(TN)和m(N)/m(P)呈显著正相关. 2009年5月—2010年12月上覆水中ρ(TN)为0.20～0.96mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.018～0.042mg/L,ρ(Chla)为6.02～22.48μg/L;年内ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)最高值均出现在7—8月,m(N)/m(P)和ρ(Chla)最高值出现在8—9月,ρ(Chla)与m(N)/m(P)呈极显著正相关.随水深增加,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)呈上升趋势,ρ(Chla)呈下降趋势;1d内ρ(TN)最高值出现在17:30前后,ρ(TP)和ρ(Chla)最高值出现在14:30前后,ρ(Chla)与ρ(TP)呈显著正相关;年内7—8月水质最差. 洱海水体ρ(Chla)年际变化主要受ρ(TN)和m(N)/m(P)影响,年内变化主要受m(N)/m(P)影响,而日变化则主要受ρ(TP)影响.      

焦化厂不同粒径土壤中PAHs的赋存特征

为分析典型焦化污染场地不同粒径土壤中PAHs的累积及其与土壤有机碳含量（TOC）、比表面积（SA）等土壤性质的相关性,对北京焦化厂长期受PAHs污染的土壤进行粒度分级[P1（0.5~1.0 mm）、P2（0.25~0.5 mm）、P3（0.15~0.25 mm）、P4（0.106~0.15 mm）、P5（0.075~0.106 mm）、P6（<0.075 mm）],测定了各粒径土壤的理化性质及土壤中USEPA优先控制的16种PAHs的浓度,探究PAHs在不同粒径土壤中的累积特征,并通过PAHs质量分数及土壤部分理化性质的曲线拟合结果分析PAHs的赋存特征。结果表明：各粒径土壤中16种PAHs均有检出,其最高质量分数大多出现在P1粒径土样,最低质量分数出现在 P4、P5中。各粒径土壤中2~3（低）环 PAHs、ΣPAHs16质量分数变化趋势相似,均为 P1>P2>P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05),4（中）、5~6（高）环PAHs趋势类似,均为P1、P2>P3>P6>P4、P5(P<0.05)。比表面积（SA）、总有机碳（TOC）、可溶解性有机碳（DOC）与各类PAHs的质量分数呈现一定的相关性,各类PAHs质量分数随SA的增大呈先增大随后减小趋势,最大质量分数所对应的SA为38~41 m2·g-1,随TOC的增加呈先减小随后增大趋势,最小质量分数所对应的TOC为7.0~8.7 g·kg-1。不同粒径土壤颗粒中,基于污染物毒性当量因子（TEF）的等效质量分数与污染物实际质量分数变化趋势并不相同,ΣPAHs16实际质量分数变化趋势为P1>P2、P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05),而其等效质量分数则为P1、P2、P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05)。