磷在水和沉积物中的形态

文章介绍了生物可利用态的磷(总磷、有机磷、无机磷)在土耳其奥龙特斯河河水和表层沉积物中的分配结果.通过连续提取方法可获得无机态的磷,每次获得的无机磷有4种形态:松散吸附态的磷、铝绑定态磷、铁绑定态磷     

青岛大气气溶胶中氨基化合物的分布特征

氨基化合物是大气气溶胶和雨水中常被检出的一类有机氮化合物,由于其可作为生物生长直接的氮源,因此可能对海洋生态系统产生直接作用.利用2008年1～12月在青岛采集的66个总悬浮颗粒物样品,采用邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,分析了其中溶解态(DAC)和颗粒态氨基化合物(PAC)的浓度.气溶胶中DAC浓度为2.4～40.9nmol·m-3,在春季最高,夏季次之,秋季、冬季最低.PAC浓度为0.7～76.1nmol·m-3,呈现春季冬季秋季夏季的变化趋势.不同季节氨基化合物的组成不同.依据气团的后向轨迹,气溶胶样品可分为受北方陆源、南方陆源和海洋源影响,DAC和PAC在受南方陆源影响的气溶胶中浓度最高,北方陆源次之,海洋源气溶胶中最低.不同来源的气溶胶中氨基化合物的组成不同,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总氨基化合物的贡献在海洋源气溶胶中最高,在南方源气溶胶中最低.     

1株脱氮除磷菌的筛选及其特性研究

采用YG培养基,结合蓝白斑筛选、异染粒染色及好氧除磷能力检测等实验,从城市生活污水处理厂好氧生化池的活性污泥中分离出7株好氧除磷菌;再经硝酸盐还原产气和缺氧培养实验,筛选出1株高效脱氮除磷菌;通过16S rRNA基因同源性比较和生理生化鉴定,初步将其鉴定为Pseudomonas grimontii,命名为C18.菌株C18在好氧培养24h后,培养基中上清液磷浓度从38.7mg/L降低到2.28mg/L,除磷率达94.1%.C18在缺氧培养24h后,培养基中上清液磷浓度从44.5mg/L降低到5.21mg/L,除磷率达88.3%;上清液硝酸盐氮浓度从184.2mg/L降低到30.6mg/L,脱氮率达83.4%.菌株C18最适脱氮除磷温度为30℃;最适脱氮除磷pH为7.5.     

污水地下渗滤系统强化脱氮试验研究

构建了3套以5%炉渣+95%草甸棕壤为基质的地下渗滤系统室内模拟试验装置,在水力负荷为0.1m3/(m2·d)条件下进行了生活污水处理试验.结果表明,当分流位置位于系统内110cm处,分流比为1:1时,可提高地下渗滤对总氮的去除效率,总氮的去除率由59.37%提高至68.41%,且对COD和总磷的去除效果没有影响.     

低温A/O-MBR工艺启动试验研究

研究了A/O-MBR工艺低温(水温在5~12℃)启动效能,结果表明,低温下A/O-MBR工艺启动迅速,活性污泥的培养驯化时间较短。启动过程中根据出水水质情况,逐渐提高负荷,运行34 d,系统对COD的去除率能达到90%以上,系统对氨氮的去除率能达到96%以上,至稳定运行后氨氮的负荷平均可达到0.419kg/(m3.d),反硝化效果系统去除率基本能稳定在60%左右。     

Mobilities and leachabilities of heavy metals in sludge with humus soil

Chemical forms of Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb in municipal sewage sludge were investigated by adding humus soil to sludge and by performing sequential extraction procedures. In the final sludge mixtures, Zn and Ni were mainly found in Fe/Mn oxide-bound (F3) and organic matter/sulfide-bound (F4) forms. For Zn, exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), and F3 forms were transformed to F4 and residual forms (F5). For Ni, F1 and F2 forms were transformed to F1, F2, and F3 forms. Both Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable forms F4 and F5. For Cu, F2 and F3 forms were major contributors, while for Pb, F3 and F4 forms were major contributors to F5. Humus soil dosage and pH conditions in the sludge were strongly correlated with the forms of heavy metals. Five forms were used to evaluate metal mobilities in the initial and final sludge mixtures. The mobilities of the four heavy metals studied decreased after 28 days. The metal mobilities in the final sludge mixtures were ranked in the following order: Ni > Zn > Cu = Pb. Leaching tests showed that the mobilities of Zn and Ni in lower pH conditions (pH 4) were higher than those in higher pH conditions (pH 8).     

Impacts of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrogen cycle in p-nitrophenol contaminated soil

The possible impacts on nitrogen-cycle in a p-nitrophenol (PNP) polluted soil and the e ectiveness of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrification potential and urease activity were evaluated by an incubation study. The results indicated that PNP at 250 mg/kg soil inhibited urease activity, nitrification potential, arginine ammonification rate and heterotrophic bacteria counts to some extents. After exposure to PNP, the nitrification potential of the tested soil was dramatically reduced to zero over a period of 30 days. Based on the findings, nitrification potential was postulated as a simple biochemical indicator for PNP pollution in soils. Nitrogen-cycling processes in soils responded positively to the applications of wastewater sludges. A sludge application rate of 200 tons/ha was su cient for successful biostimulation of these nitrogen processes. The microbial activities in sludge-amended, heavy PNP-polluted soils seemed to recover after 30–45 days, indicating the e ectiveness of sludge as a useful soil amendment.     

Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary

The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73±1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.     

Modeling assessment for ammonium nitrogen recovery from wastewater by chemical precipitation

Chemical precipitation to form magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) is an effective technology for recovering ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N). In the present research, we investigated the thermodynamic modeling of the PHREEQC program for NH4 +-N recovery to evaluate the effect of reaction factors on MAP precipitation. The case study of NH4 +-N recovery from coking wastewater was conducted to provide a comparison. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to assist in understanding the relative significance of reaction factors and the interactive effects of solution conditions. Thermodynamic modeling indicated that the saturation index (SI) of MAP followed a polynomial function of pH. The SI of MAP increased logarithmically with the Mg2+/NH4 + molar ratio (Mg/N) and the initial NH4 +-N concentration (CN), respectively, while it decreased with an increase in Ca2+/NH4 + and CO3 2??/NH4 + molar ratios (Ca/N and CO3 2??/N), respectively. The trends for NH4 +-N removal at different pH and Mg/N levels were similar to the thermodynamic modeling predictions. The RSM analysis indicated that the factors including pH, Mg/N, CN, Ca/N, (Mg/N) (CO3 2??/N), (pH)2, (Mg/N)2, and (CN)2 were significant. Response surface plots were useful for understanding the interaction effects on NH4 +-N recovery.     

巢湖周边地区表层土壤总氮有机质空间分布特征

采用网格分区法在巢湖周边地区设置了60个采样单元,采取表层土样分析了总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)表层土壤w(TN)平均值为1 027 mg/kg,变化范围253 mg/kg~2 273 mg/kg,变异系数为46.3%;w(OM)平均值为1.95%,变化范围0.291%~5.48%,变异系数为49.3%。(2)表层土壤w(TN)、w(OM)高浓度地区主要集中在东部的柘皋河、兆河区域,低浓度地区主要集中在西部的派河、南淝河—店埠河区域。(3)巢湖周边地区土壤总氮、有机质空间分布与区域内入湖河流、巢湖水质、巢湖沉积物污染空间分布不一致。