铅在棉秆基活性炭上的吸附动力学与热力学

以棉秆与棉秆纤维为原料,利用磷酸活化法制备了低成本的高比表面微孔棉秆基活性炭,通过静态实验研究了活性炭对水溶液中铅的吸附特性,测定了溶液pH值、吸附时间、溶液温度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附动力学、热力学及吸附机制.根据低温液氮(N2/77K)吸附测定数据,以BET方程、BJH法及H-K法对活性炭孔结构进行了表征,以Boehm滴定、FTIR、零电荷点pHPZC测定及元素分析定量表征活性炭表面含氧官能团.结果表明,以棉秆和棉秆纤维为原料制备的活性炭的比表面积分别为1570和1731m2·g-1,含氧酸官能团含量分别为1.43和0.83mmol·g-1,均高于商业活性炭ST1300.静态吸附实验表明,棉秆基活性炭对铅有较大的吸附容量和吸附效率,最大吸附量超过120mg·g-1,溶液pH对吸附有较大的影响,吸附量随时间增大而增大,在5min内可达饱和吸附量的80%;吸附动力学数据符合假二级方程,Freundlich方程能更好地描述等温吸附行为;热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,而焓变(ΔH0)0,说明吸附为吸热的自发反应过程,升温有利于吸附,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用.     

活性炭纤维电极电还原产H2O2的实验研究

利用活性炭纤维作为阴极,比较了活性炭纤维电极和石墨板电极产H2O2的浓度,并对影响活性炭纤维电极产H2O2的因素(pH、电流密度和电解质浓度)进行了研究.研究发现,活性炭纤维电极电还原产生H2O2的浓度远大于石墨板电极.当实验在pH=3.00、电流密度8.89 mA/cm2和电解质(Na2SO4)浓度0.05 moL/...     

生物活性炭去除水中挥发性苯系物的基础研究

采用连续流生物活性炭(BAC)工艺处理水中挥发性苯系物(BTEX,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯),评价进水负荷、活性炭炭型等因素对于BAC处理性能的影响.研究表明,在40d的处理时间内,除苯之外,其余BTEX的BAC出水中均未检出苯系物(进水为6mg/L).为了检验BAC在高BTEX负荷情况时的处理效果,将进水浓度设定为19~32mg/L左右,在EBCT为1.2min条件下同样只有苯的出水浓度上升至10mg/L(C/Cin为0.45),然后略有下降,最终保持在5~10mg/L(C/Cin为0.3以下),其余苯系物出水浓度均一直保持小于5mg/L.这表明BAC可以有效地处理高负荷BTEX(8.68~12.9kgTOC/(m3·d))的进水.生物活性炭对于活性炭吸附容量的恢复有比较明显的作用,煤质炭和椰壳炭的生物再生效率分别为53.6%和26.6%,煤质炭再生效率高的原因可能是其具备更多的大型中孔和大孔.     

低温水解酸化-A~2/O（PACT）-混凝沉淀处理印染废水

低温条件下对水解酸化-A2/O（PACT）-混凝沉淀组合工艺处理印染废水进行了中试研究。考察印染废水中COD和色度去除效果,结果表明：低温对工艺负面影响较大,未加粉末活性炭时好氧段COD和色度的去除率分别为42.6%和58.9%;投加粉末活性炭后,去除率分别达55.8%和65.4%,提高了13.2%和6.5%,显示出低...     

活性炭纤维固定化菌对微囊藻毒素MC-LR的去除研究

研究了藻蓝蛋白提取过程中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的释放分布规律,并用活性炭纤维对一株微囊藻毒素降解菌株进行了固定化,考察了不同活性炭纤维预处理方法、活性炭纤维用量、pH值、温度以及MC-LR浓度对固定化藻毒素降解菌去除MC-LR的影响.结果表明,藻蓝蛋白提取过程中MC-LR主要分布在超滤滤液中,占MC-LR总含量的81.2%.固定化藻毒素降解菌去除MC-LR的效率明显高于非固定化藻毒素降解菌.藻毒素降解菌用(1+9)盐酸预处理后的活性炭纤维固定化,其去除效果最佳.MC-LR去除的最适条件为:活性炭纤维用量为10g/L,温度为35℃,pH值为8.0.固定化藻毒素降解菌对pH值,温度具有一定的耐受性,能够在pH5~pH9、10℃~35℃范围内有效地去除MC-LR.     

Efficacy of two chemical coagulants and three different filtration media on removal of Aspergillus flavus from surface water

Aquatic fungi are common in various aqueous environments and play potentially crucial roles in nutrient and carbon cycling as well as interacting with other organisms. Species of Aspergillus are the most common fungi that occur in water. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the efficacy of two coagulants, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, used at different concentrations to treat drinking water, in removing Aspergillusflavus, as well as testing three different filtration media： sand, activated carbon, and ceramic granules, for their removal of fungi from water. The results revealed that both coagulants were effective in removing fungi and decreasing the turbidity of drinking water, and turbidity decreased with increasing coagulant concentration. Also, at the highest concentration of the coagulants, A. flavus was decreased by 99.6% in the treated water. Among ceramic granules, activated carbon, and sand used as media for water filtration, the sand and activated carbon filters were more effective in removing A.flavus than ceramic granules while simultaneously decreasing the turbidity levels in the test water samples. Post-treatment total organic carbon （TOC） and total nitrogen （TN） concentrations in the experimental water did not decrease; on the contrary, TN concentrations increased with the increasing dosage of coagulants. The filtration process had no effect in reducing TOC and TN in tested water.     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

2种吸附剂对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚吸附行为研究

该文研究了2种不同性质的吸附剂XAD-4大孔吸附树脂和活性炭对NPn EO的吸附行为。实验结果表明:2种吸附剂对NPn EO都具有一定的吸附作用,XAD-4对NPn EO的吸附效果好于活性炭。通过对2种吸附剂进行等温吸附研究发现,升高温度,XAD-4对NPn EO的吸附量增大;活性炭的吸附能力受温度影响不显著。采用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程对NPn EO在2种吸附剂上的吸附行为进行等温方程拟合,结果表明,吸附等温线都更加符合Langmuir方程,相关系数大于0.99,属于单层分子吸附。动力学研究结果表明:NPn EO在XAD-4和活性炭上的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,相关系数大于0.99。     

颗粒活性炭改性同步去除水中铅、铬的研究

为提高颗粒活性炭同步去除水中铅、铬污染物的能力,分别使用氧化铁、氧化锰、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HTMAB)和氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)制作改性活性炭(Fe Cl3-AC,Mn O2-AC,HTMAB-AC,CPC-AC)。通过测定4种改性活性炭表面的等电点p H、酸碱官能团和扫描电子显微镜图像,研究4种改性活性炭吸附效果优异并分析其中原因。结果表明:Fe Cl3-AC同步去除铅、铬效果最佳,HTMAB-AC、CPC-AC与原炭效果持平,Mn O2-AC效果还不及原炭。从等电点p H来看,Fe Cl3-AC拥有较低的等电点p H,有利于静电吸附铬酸根阴离子团;从酸性基团数目来看,Fe Cl3-AC表面拥有较多酸性官能团,有利于离子交换作用,保证了对铅离子较高的吸附效率;从SEM来看,Fe Cl3-AC上Fe Cl3负载均匀,有效改善了活性炭表面特性,有利于吸附。