Sustainable water management for green infrastructure

正The water is the most important component in the ecosystems responsible for energy flow and mass transport.The water also plays an important role for human existence.However,the constructed infrastructures such as roads,buildings,railways,drainage systems,etc.give negative impacts to the ecosystem such as deteriorating the water quality and     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

Evaluating the emission status of light-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles in Macao with real-world remote sensing measurement

Roadside remote sensing measurement was used to explore the real-world emission status of light duty gasoline vehicles （LDGVs） and motorcycles in Macao. Both fuel-based and distance-based emission factors were derived using the mass balance method. The emission concentration profile of LDGVs illustrated the benefits of tightening emission standards at the source country or region of import. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered before 2000 were 8.00, 1.04 and 1.36 g/km, respectively. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered in or after 2000 were 1.16, 0.15 and 0.18 g/km, respectively. The fuel-based CO emission factors of light duty motorcycles （LDMCs） and heavy duty motorcycles （HDMCs） registered before 2000 were about 10 times higher than those of LDGVs of the same age group. As the emissions of LDGVs decreased more quickly after 2000, the gap widens for newer vehicles. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered before 2000 were 4.81 and 2.91 g/km, respectively. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered in or after 2000 were 3.52 and 0.93 g/km, respectively. The poor emission performance of motorcycles and their larger share in the traffic flow will cause them to be the major contributor to traffic CO and HC emissions. LDMCs, especially two-stroke models, should be the priority for vehicle emission control efforts in Macao.     

废弃印刷线路板中材料的资源化回收利用技术

废弃印刷线路板(WPCBs)既有污染环境的一面,又有可资源化回收利用的一面。通过机械物理法、热解、超临界流体氧化和离子液体溶解等方法对其进行分离和回收金属和非金属材料。初步分选的金属需要进一步提纯以实现高附加值。而非金属材料可以用热解法、微波处理、超临界流体技术、等离子技术等技术进行产气和能量回收,也可以通过制备建筑材料或填料和其它功能村料进行物料回收。总之,对WPCBs进行适当地处理不但可以减轻环境压力,还可以变废为宝,实现资源再生利用。     

连续流动法测定水中氨氮的不确定度评估

本文对连续流动法测定水中氨氮的不确定度进行计算分析,找出带来不确定的因素,并逐一分析计算影响不确定度的各分量,如实反映测量的准确度。     

钦州湾秋季营养盐分布特征及营养状态分析研究

根据2010年9月对钦州湾海域的现场调查资料,分析了钦州湾表层海水中营养盐的分布特征及其富营养化。结果表明：该湾亚硝酸盐（N02-N）,硝酸盐（NO,-N）,铵盐（NH4-N）,磷酸盐（PO4-P）和活性硅（SiO3-Si）平均含量及范围分别为0．032（0．006-0．059）mg／L,0．262（0．018-0．663）mg／L,0．076（0．032-0．120）mg／L,0．009（0．001～0．02）mg／L和1．213（0．191-4．078）mg／L。在空间分布上,各营养盐含量均呈现出湾内高,湾外低的分布趋势,体现出秋季陆地径流的主导控制作用。相关性分析表明,秋季营养盐的补充均以陆源输入供应为主,对整个海湾的营养水平起到了主导控制作用。根据营养状态指数评价模式计算结果显示,秋季钦州湾调查海区总体表现为中度营养水平。     

5083铝合金电化学性能影响因素研究

采用动电位扫描及循环伏安试验方法,研究了工作电极表面状态、Cl浓度、pH值等因素对5083铝合金在质量分数为3．5％的NaCl溶液中电化学性能的影响。研究结果表明,试样表面进行抛光后,点蚀电位变正,点蚀保护电位正移。随着Cl-浓度的降低,点蚀电位磊明显正移;当Cl-浓度超过1％（质量分数）后,Cl-浓度对鼠的影响则不明显。溶液的pH值及其它阴离子的添加均会对5083铝合金点蚀电位及保护电位产生影响。     

基于Micro-PIV和LBM的土壤孔隙网络中流体速度分布表征

土壤孔隙结构复杂多变,揭示其内部流场特性对于描述和预测土壤中水分传输、溶质迁移等现象至关重要.基于规则性的土壤孔隙网络模型,采用Micro-PIV(Micro-scale Particle Image Velocimetry,显微粒子成像测速系统)技术分析不同雷诺数下孔隙结构中流体运动的特征,通过LBM方法(Lattice Boltzmann Method,晶格玻尔兹曼方法)对孔隙结构中流场分布进行数值模拟研究.结果表明:微观尺度下孔隙网络模型中不同孔隙区域流速分布差异明显,中线区域流场呈规律性分布,孔喉处为高速区,流速达到0.001 4 m/s,水平方向相邻两圆柱靠近边界处存在低速区,速度不高于0.000 2 m/s,在垂直于流向方向上速度场具有良好的对称性;靠近上下边界的大孔隙区域流体优先通过,流体的速度可达到0.003 0 m/s. LBM方法模拟的孔隙网络模型中流场分布结果与试验获得的流场分布吻合,其平均均方根误差为0.009 4 m/s,表明土壤孔隙网络模型能有效模拟土壤孔隙,捕捉微观尺度上的流体运动特征,为应用孔隙网络模型研究土壤孔隙中溶质运移和反应等问题提供了微观尺度的度量工具.      

管制员心理平衡状态和职业适应性调查与分析

为考察管制员心理平衡状态和职业适应性水平,采用一般健康问卷、适应特质问卷和心理平衡问卷对106名管制员进行调查与分析。调查发现管制员比较看重生存需要和安全需要,在薪资收入、休息休假、生活条件方面满意度低、平衡状态差;不同心理需要的管制员的工作价值观、工作行动力、工作满意感、心理平衡状态在岗位、年龄、性别、本单位工作年限上均有不同显著性的差异。根据适应特质和适应状态的二维分布对管制员的职业适应性进行区域划分,管理部门可根据职业适应性分布特点,确定管制员心理状态风险等级,并制定相应的干预措施,如采取工作价值观塑造、工作行动力提升、工作满意度与心理平衡状态调节等措施来提升管制员职业适应性。     

基于多工况融合的化工装置异常状态预警研究

化工装置的异常状态会导致生产运行过程中发生重大安全事故。提出一种基于多工况融合的化工装置异常状态预警策略,即:分析反映化工装置异常状态的特征参数,采用隶属函数对特征参数变化趋势进行量化处理,计算得到各特征参数的偏差程度;利用特征参数变化速率确定特征参数权重的分配原则与算法,结合特征参数偏差程度和权重的计算结果,构建了基于多工况参数融合的化工装置异常状态预警模型;利用西南油气田川中油气矿天然气净化厂DCS系统数据对预警策略进行了验证。验证结果表明:与传统单参数阈值报警相比,本文提出的预警策略可提前8min预知脱硫塔异常"发泡"事件,从而达到过程安全管理关口提前的目的。