石化设备堵漏安全措施

1 设备外部带压堵漏的安全措施 　　石油化工生产中,因为存在较多需要安全防范的因素,一般情况下不允许在设备上带压动火.但为了保证正常生产,在有适宜动火抢修的介质存在的同时,制定安全动火的方案,采取有效的安全措施,在确保安全的情况下可动火抢修.……     

Efficacy of two chemical coagulants and three different filtration media on removal of Aspergillus flavus from surface water

Aquatic fungi are common in various aqueous environments and play potentially crucial roles in nutrient and carbon cycling as well as interacting with other organisms. Species of Aspergillus are the most common fungi that occur in water. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the efficacy of two coagulants, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, used at different concentrations to treat drinking water, in removing Aspergillusflavus, as well as testing three different filtration media： sand, activated carbon, and ceramic granules, for their removal of fungi from water. The results revealed that both coagulants were effective in removing fungi and decreasing the turbidity of drinking water, and turbidity decreased with increasing coagulant concentration. Also, at the highest concentration of the coagulants, A. flavus was decreased by 99.6% in the treated water. Among ceramic granules, activated carbon, and sand used as media for water filtration, the sand and activated carbon filters were more effective in removing A.flavus than ceramic granules while simultaneously decreasing the turbidity levels in the test water samples. Post-treatment total organic carbon （TOC） and total nitrogen （TN） concentrations in the experimental water did not decrease; on the contrary, TN concentrations increased with the increasing dosage of coagulants. The filtration process had no effect in reducing TOC and TN in tested water.     

Inhibitory effects of nisin-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube sheet on biofilm formation from Bacillus anthracis spores

Multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNT） sheet was fabricated from a drawable MWCNT forest and then deposited on poly（methyl methacrylate） film. The film was further coated with a natural antimicrobial peptide nisin. We studied the effects of nisin coating on the attachment of Bacillus anthracis spores, the germination of attached spores, and the subsequent biofilm formation from attached spores. It was found that the strong adsorptivity and the super hydrophobicity of MWCNTs provided an ideal platform for nisin coating. Nisin coating on MWCNT sheets decreased surface hydrophobicity, reduced spore attachment, and reduced the germination of attached spores by 3.5 fold, and further inhibited the subsequent biofilm formation by 94.6% compared to that on uncoated MWCNT sheet. Nisin also changed the morphology of vegetative cells in the formed biofilm.The results of this study demonstrated that the anti-adhesion and antimicrobial effect of nisin in combination with the physical properties of carbon nanotubes had the potential in producing effective anti-biofilm formation surfaces.     

应用LMGGH技术解决火电厂湿烟囱问题的可行性分析

为适应我国地方政府更加严格的烟尘排放新标准,国内各大火电厂纷纷加大环保整改力度。主要阐述了LMGGH技术的工作原理及技术特点,结合国情分析了LMGGH技术在我国燃煤电厂实施的各种风险及对策,并指出应用该技术不但可实现除尘脱硫高效运行、系统解决湿烟囱的系列问题,而且项目实施风险可控。     

多介质土壤滤层系统(MSL)与潜流式人工湿地技术处理海水养殖废水的效能比较

为探索经济可行的海水养殖废水处理技术,选取南美白对虾海水养殖废水,对比研究了多介质土壤滤层(multi-soillayer,MSL)系统和4种不同植物配置潜流式人工湿地(大米草型、芦苇型、香蒲型和无植物型)在400 L·(m2·d)-1水力负荷下的废水处理效果.结果表明,MSL对化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)的平均去除率分别为80.38%±2.14%、68.14%±3.51%、40.79%±3.10%、42.68%±2.90%和54.19%±5.15%,均高于其他4种不同植物配置的潜流式人工湿地的处理效果.4种人工湿地系统对各污染物的去除率从高到低依次为:大米草型>芦苇型>香蒲型>无植物型.     

介质阻挡放电中添加乙炔对NO脱除的影响

利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)进行模拟烟气脱除NO实验,通过改变乙炔体积分数和烟气水蒸汽含量研究添加乙炔对NO脱除效率的影响.结果表明:烟气中添加乙炔强化了NO氧化作用,随着乙炔体积分数的提高,NO脱除率逐渐增加.在NO/N2/O2/C2H2/H2O体系中,水的电负性和离解反应消耗大量高能电子,降低了活性自由基的生成,NO脱除速率随之减慢;能量密度低于400 J·L-1时,相对湿度(RH)为0的情况下脱出效果最好.但随着能量密度的增加,H2O不会影响最终的NO脱除率;H2O的添加可以产生更多的·OH自由基,促进NO2向HNO3转化,使出口NO2浓度大幅度降低.     

电晕放电等离子体技术处理水中四环素的研究

采用电晕放电等离子体技术降解水中的四环素,研究了在反应体系中,初始浓度、输入功率、电极间距、空气流量及初始pH对四环素去除效率的影响.同时,还对四环素在降解过程中不同时段的COD、TOC和B/C变化进行了研究,并对其降解产物进行了分析和讨论.实验结果表明:电晕放电等离子体对水中四环素具有较好的去除效果,在四环素初始浓度为200 mg·L-1、pH=2.47、初始电导率为1.50 mS·m-1、空气流量为0.06 m3·h-1、电极间距为4 mm、输入功率为45.0 W的条件下,反应20 min后,四环素的去除率可达到99.1%,COD去除率可达31.2%,TOC去除率可达80%左右,其B/C比提高为0.30,有效地改善了废水的可生化性.     

南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响

本研究通过对江西千烟洲香溪流域雨季氮湿沉降及径流过程进行监测,分析降雨及径流过程的各形态氮浓度变化,探讨南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响.结果表明:1 2014年雨季(3~6月)共27场降雨,产生的氮湿沉降负荷达43.64~630.59 kg,氮沉降通量为0.44~6.43 kg·hm-2,呈现出极大的季节变异性;2对其中3场降雨过程进行动态分析发现,当降雨量为8~14 mm时,流域氮沉降负荷达18.03~41.16 kg,而该地区氮湿沉降通量为0.18~0.42 kg·hm-2.其中3场次降雨事件导致流域水体的总径流量为4 189.38 m3,TN总流失负荷16.72 kg,输出通量为4.64 kg·hm-2;DTN总流失负荷为9.64 kg,输出通量为2.68 kg·hm-2;NH+4-N总流失负荷2.93 kg,输出通量为0.81 kg·hm-2;NO-3-N总流失负荷5.60 kg,输出通量为1.56 kg·hm-2.3流域氮湿沉降对流域氮输出的贡献率约为56%~94%,说明降雨对流域氮流失影响巨大,并以硝酸盐为主,流域水体中总氮浓度超过河流水体富营养化阈值(1.5 mg·L-1)存在发生富营养化的隐患.     

天然水体中多壁纳米碳管对纳米氧化锌颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响

研究了淡水湖泊水体中氧化多壁纳米碳管(Oxidized-multiwalled carbon nanotubes,o-MWCNTs)对纳米氧化锌(ZnO nanoparticles,nZnO)颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响,探讨了天然胶体及o-MWCNTs的浓度对nZnO颗粒团聚粒径、团聚速率及沉降行为的作用.结果表明,nZnO在天然水体中会发生明显沉降,相比去除天然胶体的天然水而言,天然胶体的存在显著减少了nZnO的沉降.这主要归因于nZnO-天然胶体颗粒间的作用能垒高于nZnO-nZnO颗粒间的作用能垒,使得天然胶体的存在降低了nZnO-nZnO之间的颗粒碰撞效率,从而促进nZnO悬浮.o-MWCNTs对nZnO在天然水体中沉降行为的影响与天然胶体密切相关.相比于nZnO的单独沉降,在不过膜天然水中(含天然胶体),低浓度o-MWCNTs的存在增加了颗粒间的团聚速率,从而促进nZnO的沉降,而高浓度o-MWCNTs降低了颗粒间的团聚速率和团聚体粒径,从而降低了nZnO的沉降.而在过膜天然水中(不含天然胶体),o-MWCNTs的存在显著降低了颗粒间的团聚粒径和团聚速率,从而降低了nZnO的沉降,且o-MWCNTs的浓度越高,对nZnO悬浮稳定性的促进作用越明显.     

巯基硅烷改性多壁碳纳米管的合成及其对Cd2+的吸附性能研究

利用3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPTMS)作硅烷偶联剂对多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)进行改性,制备巯基硅烷改性多壁碳纳米管(SHMWCNTs),并进行了SH-MWCNTs对Cd~(2+)的批量吸附实验.同时,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光子能量仪(EDS)、红外光谱(FT-IR)对SHMWCNTs进行表征,探究了溶液初始pH、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、溶液初始Cd~(2+)浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了吸附动力学特征及吸附等温线特征,初步探讨了吸附机理.SEM、EDS与FT-IR图谱显示,MPTMS已成功接枝到MWCNTs表面,表明SH-MWCNTs制备成功.吸附时间为90 min,pH为4时的吸附效果最佳,吸附量随SH-MWCNTs投加量、Cd~(2+)浓度的增加而增大.吸附动力学和吸附等温线研究表明,SHMWCNTs对Cd~(2+)的吸附动力学符合准二级线性方程,吸附等温线符合Freundlich、Langmuir 2种模型,吸附以单分子层吸附为主,也存在层间扩散的多层吸附.