福州区域能见度变化特征分析

利用1968—2007年共40年的福州区域9个气象站的历史地面观测资料,分析福州区域能见度的变化特征。结果表明：（1）不论是08时、14时、20时,还是日平均能见度,平潭站均最小;08时平均能见度罗源最大,14时、20时、日平均能见度永泰最大。（2）40年来,除永泰站外,其余各站全天候能见度和霾雾天气能见度均呈明显的下降趋势,但近年来下降趋势趋缓,霾雾天气能见度的下降幅度小于全天候能见度。（3）前20年,福州区域各站08时能见度主要集中在6级、7级和8级：后20年,6级能见度出现概率明显上升,8级能见度的出现概率明显减少,3级以下能见度（〈1Km）的出现概率有所减少。（4）全天候能见度的年变化为单峰型,能见度最低值出现在春季的3月或4月,峰值出现在7月;雾霾天气能见度的年变化与全天候能见度的年变化相类似。但其变化幅度小于全天候能见度。     

第四纪冰期对世界鹤类进化与分布的影响

现存鹤类有15种,分为4个属,主要分布在较温暖的中低纬度地区.17种化石种类主要分布在当时温暖的欧洲、北美地区.鹤类的这种分布格局与分类体系与第四纪冰期造成的气候冷暖格局变化相一致,说明了第四纪冰期对鹤类分布与进化有直接的影响.     

我国酸雨污染现状及其防治措施初探

20世纪80年代以来,随着中国经济快速发展,煤炭、石油等化石燃料消耗迅速增长,相应向大气环境排放的酸性物质大幅增加,中国长江以南成为继欧洲和北关之后的世界第三大酸雨区。通过调查,发现我国酸雨面积和程度呈现继续扩大的趋势。最后,结合我国典型的硫酸型酸雨特征,提出了可行的防治酸雨的具体对策。     

重庆酸雨研究进展

对近年来重庆酸雨的研究成果进行了总结。20世纪80年代初至2005年,重庆酸雨逐渐减轻,但其后又逐渐加重;重庆酸雨具季节性。其成因包括：（1）能源结构;（2）地形条件和气象因素;（3）汽车尾气,但对这些原因缺乏科学定量研究。基于以上,指出已有研究所呈现出的不足,并对重庆酸雨进一步研究进行展望：（1）与GIS等技术相结合;（2）量化酸雨成因;（3）对解决酸雨问题已有的各项措施进行优化。     

长江口邻近海域沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌分布特征研究

海洋生态系统氮素循环对维持海洋生态收支平衡具有重要意义,由厌氧氨氧化细菌(anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,ANAMMOX Bacteria)推动的厌氧氨氧化过程是海洋氮素移除的重要途径.本研究采用荧光定量PCR(q PCR)技术,并结合环境理化因子,分析了2011年夏季长江口邻近海域沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌的种群丰度分布特征.结果表明,厌氧氨氧化细菌的种群丰度在长江口邻近海域的空间分布与环境因子密切相关,总有机碳含量、盐度、铵盐浓度对长江口邻近海域沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌的种群丰度具有重要调控作用.厌氧氨氧化细菌的丰度分布与总有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.01,r=0.69),同时又随亚硝酸盐浓度、溶解氧浓度的升高而降低,而盐度对厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度分布的影响较为复杂.     

岩溶地下河系统中有机氯的分布特征与来源分析

选取重庆老龙洞、青木关岩溶地下河为研究对象,采用气相色谱仪-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析两条地下河水体中21种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度.结果表明,南山地下河中六六六(HCHs)和艾氏剂类化合物(ALDs)是主要检出物,青木关地下河中HCHs和甲氧滴滴涕是主要检出物.南山、青木关地下河中均未检出o,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDE、o,p'-DDD,同时,青木关地下河还未检出o,p'-DDT、狄氏剂,其余OCPs在两条地下河中检出率高达100%.青木关地下河中OCPs浓度范围为145~278 ng·L-1之间,平均值为213 ng·L-1;南山老龙洞地下河中OCPs浓度介于17.7~40.8 ng·L-1之间,平均值为32.7ng·L-1.两条地下河中各OCPs组分表现为地下河出口大于入口.通过对OCPs污染来源分析,发现两地下河流域滴滴涕(DDTs)主要来自于历史上工业DDTs输入,氯丹主要来自于大气沉降.六六六(HCHs)主要来源是林丹的输入,南山地下河属于历史污染,青木关地下河上游的甘家槽有新的HCHs输入.与国内外其他各水体相比,南山地下河水体中HCHs、DDTs浓度处于低水平;青木关下河处于中等偏高水平.结合中外用水卫生标准,发现南山地下河和青木关地下河未超过饮水安全标准.青木关应禁止农田施用有机氯农药,保护地下河生态环境.     

海岸带表层沉积物中磷的地球化学特征

通过连续提取法对莱州湾主要入海河流及近岸海域表层沉积物中5种形态磷进行了定量分析.结果表明,近海沉积物自生钙结合磷含量(45.6%)高于河流(37.3%),而铁结合磷(Fe-P)含量(18.2%)却低于河流(31.3%).在近海,可交换或弱结合磷含量和粉砂比例呈正相关,表明该形态磷主要吸附于细粒粉砂.河流沉积物Fe-P与Fe浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),表明河流沉积物Fe-P分布受沉积物活性铁含量的控制.河口处Fe-P普遍低于相应河流,这可能与海相泥沙输入及河口厌氧区硫酸盐还原或硫化物累积有关.近海沉积物总可提取态磷平均浓度总体呈现出由海洋向河口方向递减的趋势.     

Molecular characterization and developmental expression patterns of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and their responsiveness to TR agonist and antagonist in Rana nigromaculata

Considering some advantages of Rana nigromaculata as an experimental species, we propose that this species, like Xenopus laevis, could be used to assay thyroid hormone（TH） signaling disrupting actions. To validate the utilizability of R. nigromaculata, we investigated the responsiveness of R. nigromaculata to a TH receptor（TR） agonist（T3） and antagonist（amiodarone） by analyzing expression, based on characterizing TR cDNA and developmental expression patterns. With high levels of identity with the corresponding genes in X. laevis, both TRα and TRβ in R. nigromaculata exhibited roughly similar developmental expression patterns to those of X. laevis, in spite of some species-specific differences. Both TRα and TRβ expression had greater changes in the liver and intestine than in the tail and brain during metamorphosis. T3 exposure for 2 days induced more dramatic increases of TRβ expression in stage 27 than in stage34 tadpoles but not in stage 42 tadpoles, showing that the responsiveness of R. nigromaculata to TH decreased with development and disappeared at the onset of metamorphic climax.Corresponding to greater changes of TRβ expression in the liver and intestine than in the tail and brain during metamorphosis, the liver and intestine had higher responsiveness to exogenous T3 than the tail and brain. Amiodarone inhibited T3-induced TRβ expression. Our results show that R. nigromaculata can be used as a model species for assaying TH signaling disrupting actions by analyzing TRβ expression, and intestine tissues at stage 27 are ideal test materials due to high responsiveness and easy accessibility.     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

Quantitative method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals based on odor sensitivity distribution：Illustrated using 2-MIB

Taste and odor （T/O） in drinking water often cause consumer complaints and are thus regulated in many countries. However, people in different regions may exhibit different sensitivities toward WO. This study proposed a method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals （ORGs） based on the odor sensitivity distribution of the local population. The distribution of odor sensitivity to 2-methylisobomeol （2-MIB） by the local population in Beijing, China was revealed by using a normal distribution function/model to describe the odor complaint response to a 2-MIB episode in 2005, and a 2-MIB concentration of 12.9 ng/L and FPA （flavor profile analysis） intensity of 2.5 was found to be the critical point to cause odor complaints. Thus the Beijing ORG for 2-MIB was determined to be 12.9 ng/L. Based on the assumption that the local FPA panel can represent the local population in terms of sensitivity to odor, and that the critical FPA intensity causing odor complaints was 2.5, this study tried to determine the ORGs for seven other cities of China by performing FPA tests using an FPA panel from the corresponding city. ORG values between 12.9 and 31.6 ng/L were determined, showing that a unified ORG may not be suitable for drinking water odor regulations. This study presents a novel approach for setting drinking water odor regulations.