藻菌比对藻菌共生体系处理养猪废水发酵液的影响和机制研究

为了优化养猪废水发酵液生化处理方式,以小球藻和接种污泥构建藻菌共生体系,考察了藻菌比(1:0,1:0.2,1:0.5,1:1,1:5)对微藻生长、组分积累及氮磷转化机制的影响.结果表明:微藻纯培养体系以脂质组分为主,藻菌共生体系在藻菌比为1:0.2时的微藻浓度和微藻蛋白组分为800 mg·L-1和56.8％;在藻菌协同...     

沼液培养的普通小球藻对CO2的去除

利用微藻固定CO2和处理污水已成为微藻应用的一个重要研究方向.利用营养丰富的沼气发酵废液培养小球藻,藻种经驯化后在不同浓度沼液中能良好生长.小球藻在高浓度的CO2中有较好的生长和较强的耐受能力,在1.5%CO2通气下生物量最高.在此基础上考察了沼液中小球藻对CO2的去除情况.结果表明,提高小球藻生长速率和CO2浓度可以增加小球藻对CO2的去除量,降低通气也可提高CO2去除率.在1.5%CO2浓度、通气量60 mL min-1条件下,CO2去除率可达30.61%;在10%CO2浓度、通气量100 mL min-1时最高去除量为279.7 mg L-1 h-1.采用六管串联通气培养小球藻去除粗沼气中的CO2,去除量为(205.80±13.20)mg L-1 h-1,去除率为60.32%±3.73%.在同样的通气量下,CO2的去除量与单管培养相近,去除率是单管培养的近6倍,因此小球藻对沼气中的CO2具有良好的去除效果.图4表2参17     

15株微藻对猪场养殖污水中氮磷的净化及其细胞营养分析

在实验室条件下调查了15株淡水微藻在猪场养殖污水中的生长性能、细胞组成及各微藻对污水中氮磷的去除效果.结果表明:15株微藻均可有效降低猪场养殖污水中的氮磷含量,但不同藻株对污水中不同形态氮的去除效果差异明显.多棘栅藻(Scenedesmus spinosus)SHOUF7、多棘栅藻(S.spinosus)SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻(S.quadricanda)SHOU-F35去除总氮效果最佳.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和斜生栅藻(S.obliquus)SHOU-F21去除硝态氮效果最好,最大去除率可达到100%.椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3、单生卵囊藻(Oocystis solitaria)SHOU-F5和四球藻(Tetrachlorella alternans)SHOU-F24去除氨态氮效果最好,最大去除率为97.82%.各株微藻对污水中总磷的去除率均很高,可达91.00%以上.利用猪场养殖污水培养的各株微藻细胞蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成差异显著,蛋白含量最高的为椭圆小球藻(Ch.ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3(43.90%),含量最低的为多棘栅藻SHOU-F8(23.87%);16∶0和18∶3n3在各株微藻中含量均较丰富.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8、淡水小球藻(Chlorella sp.)SHOU-F19和针形纤维藻(A.acicularis)SHOU-F120的脂肪酸甲酯的理论烷基值超过47.因此,多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻SHOU-F35是净化猪场养殖污水的优良藻株,其中,多棘栅藻SHOU-F8是猪场养殖污水净化耦合微藻生物柴油生产的合适藻株.     

MAP晶体捕集反应器回收猪场厌氧消化液中磷的研究

研究了磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶法晶体捕集反应器在曝气条件下回收猪场厌氧消化液中磷元素的能力.结果表明,利用曝气方式提高猪场厌氧消化液的p H值,进行MAP结晶回收磷完全可行.MAP的饱和度指数(SI)与废水p H值呈多项式函数关系,结晶反应的最佳p H值为8.5~9.0;随着曝气时间延长至180 min,反应器内废水p H值可提高至8.5;常温下(25℃),反应器内MAP回收磷的反应动力学的反应级数(n)为1.98,速率常数(K25)为7.04×10-4L·mg-1·min-1;反应器单个运行周期为270 min;磷的平均去除率为82%左右.MAP晶体捕集反应器上的晶体在一个反应周期内即可成形,随着反应周期的增加,晶体颗粒逐渐增大.利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对捕集器所捕集的晶体进行了表征,证实晶体为高纯度的MAP.     

Adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine in an activated sludge process treating swine wastewater

Swine wastewater is an important pollution source of antibiotics entering the aquatic environment. In this work,the adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine(SMN),a commonlyused sulfonamide antibiotic,on activated sludge from a sequencing batch reactor treating swine wastewater was investigated. The results show that the adsorption of SMN on activated sludge was an initially rapid process and reached equilibrium after 6 hr. The removal efficiency of SMN from the water phase increased with an increasing concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids,while the adsorbed concentration of SMN decreased. Solution pH influenced both the speciation of SMN and the surface properties of activated sludge,thus significantly impacting the adsorption process. A linear partition model could give a good fit for the equilibrium concentrations of SMN at the test temperatures(i.e.,10,20 and 30°C). The partition coefficient(Kd) was determined to be 100.5 L/kg at 20°C,indicating a quite high adsorption capacity for SMN. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that SMN adsorption on activated sludge was an exothermic process. This study could help to clarify the fate and behavior of sulfonamide antibiotics in the activated sludge process and assess consequent environmental risks arising from sludge disposal as well.     

Effect of the chlortetracycline addition method on methane production from the anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater

Effects of antibiotic residues on methane production in anaerobic digestion are commonly studied using the following two antibiotic addition methods：（1） adding manure from animals that consume a diet containing antibiotics, and（2） adding antibiotic-free animal manure spiked with antibiotics. This study used chlortetracycline（CTC） as a model antibiotic to examine the effects of the antibiotic addition method on methane production in anaerobic digestion under two different swine wastewater concentrations（0.55 and 0.22 mg CTC/g dry manure）. The results showed that CTC degradation rate in which manure was directly added at 0.55 mg CTC/g（HSPIKE treatment） was lower than the control values and the rest of the treatment groups. Methane production from the HSPIKEtreatment was reduced（p 〈 0.05） by 12% during the whole experimental period and 15% during the first 7 days. The treatments had no significant effect on the pH and chemical oxygen demand value of the digesters, and the total nitrogen of the0.55 mg CTC/kg manure collected from mediated swine was significantly higher than the other values. Therefore, different methane production under different antibiotic addition methods might be explained by the microbial activity and the concentrations of antibiotic intermediate products and metabolites. Because the primary entry route of veterinary antibiotics into an anaerobic digester is by contaminated animal manure, the most appropriate method for studying antibiotic residue effects on methane production may be using manure from animals that are given a particular antibiotic, rather than adding the antibiotic directly to the anaerobic digester.     

生物膜贴壁培养小球藻净化猪粪沼液废水的效果

微藻处理猪粪沼液废水是一项污水资源化生物技术.本文以小球藻为研究对象,通过贴壁培养方式,对稀释不同倍数的猪粪沼液废水进行净化处理同时提取藻细胞油脂,旨在探究小球藻贴壁培养处理猪粪沼液废水的效果,分析小球藻耐受猪粪沼液废水的氨氮浓度.将猪粪沼液废水分别稀释1倍(原水)、2倍、5倍、10倍制成培养基.测定贴壁培养小球藻对各处理组猪粪沼液废水中COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的去除效率及对重金属铜、锌、铁的富集效果,同时探究小球藻的油脂合成情况.结果表明,当猪粪沼液废水稀释5倍时,贴壁小球藻对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的净化效果最佳,其去除效率分别为:86.8%、94.1%、85.2%、84.3%;油脂含量高达32.7%;对重金属铜、锌、铁的去除效率分别为:72.9%、70.0%、73.0%;培养一个周期结束时生物产率达到4.21 g·(m~2·d)~(-1).该研究将微藻与难处理的猪粪沼液废水深度净化进行了有效的结合,为实现藻类生物燃料工艺生产及降低废水处理成本提供理论基础.     

沼液还田对土壤-作物系统重金属累积的影响:Meta分析

为探讨沼液还田方式、还田时长和重金属带入量等对土壤-作物重金属累积的影响,明确重金属累积影响因素的重要性,对41篇文献和1972对数据进行整合分析.结果表明,单施沼液使土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和作物As、Cr的累积显著提高20.5%、15.2%、25.6%、18.7%、26.3%和14.6%、39.5%,对作物其它重金属累积作用不明显.沼液与化肥混施可显著提高8.05%和4.70%的土壤Cr和Zn的累积且降低作物对As的累积.相关分析表明,土壤As、Cd和Cr的累积速率与沼液还田时长和土壤有机质（SOM）含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.30、0.15、0.13和0.22、0.27、0.22,而与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.16、0.13和0.11.沼液还田带入的重金属会促进土壤As、Cd、Cr和作物As、Cd、Cr、Zn的累积,而土壤Cd、Cu和Zn的累积又会促进作物Cd、Cu和Zn的累积,其间相关系数分别为0.45、0.58和0.42.因子重要性分析表明,沼液还田对土壤-作物系统中重金属累积的主要因素是还田时长、SOM和土壤pH值.     

猪场废物的生产性利用——发展中国家实例分析

本文对猪场废物的管理进行了实例研究。其中,猪粪尿经二相厌氧消化反应器(产甲烷)进行稳定化,猎场污水在凤眼莲塘中处理,收获的凤眼莲植物用于生产饲料和复合肥料。本结果为应用上述工艺处理和再利用猪场废物提供了技术可行性。投资效益分析表明经15年的工艺操作生产沼气和饲料在经济上是可观的。提出了废物再利用的管理学概念,包括各目标间关系、限制以及实施计划。废物再利用项目的决策不仅基于投资和效益分析,更应考虑污染控制和公共卫生的改善等方面。     

低强度超声波强化A~2/O工艺处理猪场养殖废水

规模化猪场养殖排放的废水对周边水环境的影响不容忽视。该研究采用复合处理的方法,探索了以低强度超声波强化A2/O生物反应器高效处理规模化猪场养殖废水的新工艺。经检测,通过间歇超声的强化模式对水质改善有明显作用但波动性较大;而采用连续超声模式,处理后出水中各污染物的去除率在原有A2/O生物反应器处理的基础上大大提高,COD、BOD5、氨氮、总磷的浓度分别下降到了41~57、3~8、6~12、0.09~0.8 mg/L的范围内,达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B的水质要求。猪场养殖废水处理的实际运行效果表明,该强化方法处理效果良好,运行稳定,可实现猪场养殖废水的达标排放。