UASB-CASS工艺处理PBT、显影剂生产废水工程实例

详细地介绍了含PBT(聚苯并噻唑)、显影剂等化工综合废水的特点及采用UASB-CASS工艺处理PBT、显影剂综合废水工艺设计实例.     

高频交流电场中细颗粒物凝并的实验研究

针对北京地区空气中粒径分别为0.3μm、0.5μm以及1.0μm的细颗粒物进行了高频交流电凝并的实验研究。分别研究了荷电电压、空气的污染程度、交流电电压、交流电频率以及平均气流速度对细颗粒物电凝并的影响。研究表明:采用空气中的细颗粒物作为颗粒源进行的高频交流电凝并实验研究效果明显,对0.3μm、0.5μm以及1.0μm粒径的细颗粒物,最高凝并效率分别可达65%、62%、55%;荷电电压的增加,可以使细颗粒物的电凝并效率增加,并且当荷电电压U115 k V时,荷电量达到饱和,电凝并效率趋于平缓;在相同荷电电压的情况下,细颗粒物浓度较高(空气污染程度为严重污染)时的凝并效率低于低浓度(空气优)时;交流电的电压对凝并的效率影响不大;交流电频率的增加,凝并效率增加;实验通道内的平均气流速度越大,电凝并效率越低。     

土壤中苯并(a)芘提取方法的比较研究

本文选取了索氏提取、自动索氏提取、压力流体提取、微波提取和超声提取5种常用的土壤提取方法,以苯并(a)芘为例对提取的效果进行比较研究。结果表明,这5种提取方法的精密度和准确度方面都没有显著性差异,都是适合土壤中苯并(a)芘的提取方法。在精密度方面,压力流体提取法和超声提取法略优于其他方法。在加标回收率方面,索氏提取和压力流体提取法略优于其他方法。5种提取方法提取有证标准物质,测定结果的平均值全部在置信区间内。在实际工作中,可以根据实验室具体情况选择适合的提取方法。     

土壤中多环芳烃的SPMD辅助解吸行为研究

为了开发一种表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的新方法,建立了半透膜被动采样装置（SPMD）研究土壤中有机污染物解吸行为的方法,利用SPMD分析了多环芳烃菲、芘和苯并［a］芘在3种不同性质土壤中的辅助解吸行为.结果表明,SPMD是一种很好地表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的手段. SPMD辅助解吸多环芳烃的效率与土壤有机质及多环芳烃性质有关.随着土壤有机质含量的降低,土壤中菲和芘的SPMD解吸率逐渐升高,对于10 mg/kg染毒水平,当土壤有机质含量由18.68%降低到0.3%时,2种化合物的解吸率分别由56.45%和48.28%上升到接近100%;但是对于苯并［a］芘,粘土表现出明显的滞留能力,在有机质含量（0.3%）很低、粘土含量（39.05%）较高的3号土壤中,苯并［a］芘的解吸率仅有66.97%.不同多环芳烃SPMD辅助解吸率差别很大,随着土壤有机质含量的降低,以及污染物浓度的提高,菲和芘的解吸差异逐渐缩小,而苯并［a］芘与上述2种多环芳烃的差异很大,主要是由于苯并［a］芘具有高度亲脂性,并且分子较大,造成其容易滞留在粘土的微孔及有机质的致密结构中.     

土壤铅-苯并[a]芘复合污染对小麦种子生长的影响研究

研究了土壤中低含量铅(Pb)-苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)复合污染对小麦种子萌发率、根伸长、芽伸长以及芽根比的影响,以期考察复合污染的生态效应并筛选具有指示土壤污染程度的指标.结果表明,小麦种子萌发率对Pb-B[a]P单一及复合污染均不敏感;Pb和B[a]P单一污染时小麦根伸长均受到一定程度的抑制作用;复合污染条件下Pb...     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.     

Unregulated emissions from diesel engine with particulate filter using Fe-based fuel borne catalyst

The alteration and formation of toxic compounds and potential changes in the toxicity of emissions when using after-treatment technologies have gained wide attention. Volatile organic compound（VOC）, carbonyl compound and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon（PAH） emissions were tested at European Steady State Cycle（ESC） to study unregulated emissions from a diesel engine with a fuel-borne catalyst and diesel particulate filter（FBC–DPF）. An Fe-based fuel-borne catalyst was used for this study. According to the results, brake specific emissions of total VOCs without and with DPF were 4.7 and4.9 mg/kWh, respectively, showing a 4.3% increase. Benzene and n-undecane emissions increased and toluene emission decreased, while other individual VOC emissions basically had no change. When retrofitted with the FBC–DPF, total carbonyl compound emission decreased 15.7%, from 25.8 to 21.8 mg/kWh. The two highest carbonyls, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, were reduced from 20.0 and 3.7 to 16.5 and 3.3 mg/kWh respectively. The specific reactivity（SR） with DPF was reduced from 6.68 to 6.64 mg/kWh. Total particle-phase PAH emissions decreased 66.4% with DPF compared to that without DPF. However, the Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent（BaPeq） with DPF had increased from 0.016 to 0.030 mg/kWh.Fluoranthene and Pyrene had the greatest decrease, 91.1% and 88.4% respectively. The increase of two- and three-ring PAHs with DPF indicates that the fuel-borne catalyst caused some gas-phase PAHs to adsorb on particles. The results of this study expand the knowledge of the effects of using a particulate filter and a Fe-based fuel-borne catalyst on diesel engine unregulated emissions.     

蚯蚓细胞色素P450酶系对土壤中芘或苯并[a]芘的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为受试生物,通过人工污染草甸棕壤微宇宙试验方法,研究了暴露于不同环境浓度芘或苯并[a]芘(添加量分别为0.12、0.24、0.48、0.96 mg·kg~(-1))污染的土壤中14 d后,蚯蚓体内细胞色素P450(CYPs)酶系,如CYPs总量、CYP1A1及CYP2C9活性的变化.结果显示,芘或苯并[a]芘暴露导致蚯蚓CYPs总量、CYP1A1及CYP2C9活性的变化不同.其中,CYPs总量与CYP1A1活性对芘的响应趋势相似:试验3 d后,0.96 mg·kg~(-1)芘导致二者都显著高于对照水平;14 d后,都显著低于对照水平;CYP1A1活性对芘的响应更为敏感.CYPs总量与CYP2C9活性对苯并[a]芘的响应趋势相似:暴露初期,苯并[a]芘最高暴露剂量(0.96 mg·kg~(-1))导致二者都显著低于对照水平;试验结束后,苯并[a]芘最低暴露剂量(0.12 mg·kg~(-1))导致二者都显著高于对照水平,最高剂量暴露导致二者都显著低于对照水平,CYP2C9活性对苯并[a]芘的响应更为敏感.因此,推断CYPs亚酶对污染物的响应具有选择性且亚酶的响应敏感度高于CYPs总量.将CYPs总量与CYP1A1活性结合,或与CYP2C9活性结合分别诊断土壤芘污染或并[a]芘污染,较为准确有效.     

苯并(a)芘对大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)卵巢还原型谷胱甘肽含量的影响

分析了大弹涂鱼肌肉、鳃、肝脏、内脏 (不含肝脏 )以及卵巢等的GSH含量 ;并以GSH含量最高的卵巢为研究对象 ,在实验条件下 ,经 0 (CK) ,0 .0 5 ,0 .2和 0 .5mg/L等不同浓度的BaP暴露 7d ,分析其卵巢GSH含量变化的时间 -效应和剂量 -效应特征 ,结果显示 :0 .5mg/L浓度组的大弹涂鱼卵巢GSH含量迅速升高 ,暴露 12h即显著高于CK(P≤ 0 .0 5 ) ,但随暴露时间的延长 ,其GSH含量显著降低 ,7d的样品显著低于CK(P≤ 0 .0 5 ) ;在暴露 3d ,GSH水平与BaP浓度的剂量 -效应关系表现为正相关 ,而在 7d ,则呈负相关 ,这可能表明大弹涂鱼卵巢对BaP暴露由适应性反应到产生毒性效应的过程 .以上研究结果表明 ,卵巢GSH可对BaP暴露作出快速灵敏的反应 ,GSH水平有可能作为具氧化 -还原循环活性的污染物暴露的一种敏感的生物标记 .图 2表 2参 9     

贵阳市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃时空分布特征

对贵阳市不同功能区在不同季节大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了采样观测,利用UVD和FLD双检测器串联HPLC法分析了16种优控PAHs。结果显示,在贵阳市主城区PM_(2.5)中PAHs有检出,5个采样点全年ρ(∑PAHs)为4. 44～114 ng/m~3,平均值为24. 96 ng/m~3,其值呈现出夏季最低冬季最高的特征,各个功能区在不同季节ρ(PAHs)不同,大小趋势也不同;四季PAHs单体中均以4-6环为主,占ρ(∑PAHs)的68%以上; PAHs来源解析结果显示,贵阳市大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs来源具有明显的季节特征,春、夏和秋季主要来源是石油燃烧排放,兼有少量的生物质燃烧排放,冬季PAHs主要来源是燃煤和石油燃烧排放。PM_(2.5)中PAHs毒性评价结果表明,贵阳市大气中PAHs的春季、夏季和秋季健康风险较小,冬季健康风险较大。四季各功能区ρ(Ba P)大部分均低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)规定限值(2. 50 ng/m~3),但冬季除背景点外,其他监测点均超标,最大超标倍数为3. 80倍。