8种植物叶片对城市大气苯并（a）芘（BaP）的吸收比较

城市化及汽车的发展导致城市大气中多环芳烃（PAHs）含量较高,强致癌作用污染物苯并（a）芘（BaP）含量也相应增高。植物是大气环境天然的过滤器,能滞留、吸附和累积空气中多种污染物。选择广州市8种常见行道树,4种乔木：红花羊蹄甲（Bauhiniablakeana）、腊肠树（Cassiafistula）、高山榕（Ficus...     

PBPK模型在苯并[α]芘健康风险评估中的应用探讨

苯并[α]芘〔benzo[α]pyrene,BaP〕是环境中广泛存在的一种致癌多环芳烃,带来的健康风险受到普遍关注. 基于生理的药代动力学(physiologically based pharmacokinetic, PBPK)模型是一种预测污染物在生物体内部剂量的数学模型,近年来在健康风险评估中应用广泛. 本文介绍了BaP对生物体的健康危害,概述了BaP的PBPK模型研究进展,指出了BaP人体PBPK模型存在BaP及代谢物的代谢机理尚未完全明确、代谢参数可靠性不高、模型还需继续完善等问题,并探讨了PBPK模型在BaP健康风险评估中的应用. 一方面,PBPK模型在阐明内暴露监测结果及补充完善污染物在人体内的代谢机理方面具有明显优势,基于PBPK模型分析完善了BaP生物标志物3-羟基苯并[α]芘在肾小管重吸收的肾脏排泄机制;另一方面,PBPK模型作为外推工具,通过种间外推可以量化污染物的种间药代动力学差异,减小动物健康剂量水平外推至人体基准值的不确定性;通过体外到体内的外推可以关联内外暴露剂量,利用反剂量学推导人体健康基准值. 这两种外推方法的应用均可以提高人体健康基准值推导的科学性、准确性. 并以BaP为例剖析了PBPK模型不确定性来源,提出了提高模型精确性的方法. 最后,为了进一步推动完善BaP的人体健康风险评估方法体系,本文探讨总结了3个重点研究方向:一是探索PBPK模型应用于BaP健康风险评估的方法体系;二是探索可靠性更高的BaP健康风险评估概率模型;三是开展BaP的生物标志物用于人体健康风险评估可行性研究.      

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soil from the Tibetan Plateau

Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） and polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs） in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was（2.30 ± 1.02） pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency（WHO-TEQ） average concentration was（0.013 ± 0.010）pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs（7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners） was（16.2 ± 9.25） pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon（TOC） normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level（a.s.l.）, while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Health risk assessment of dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiyuan, China

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined in 24 duplicate-diet samples from people in Taiyuan during summer and winter in 2009. Dietary intake of PAHs for 2862 participants was subsequently estimated by a survey in Taiyuan. Results from these 24 samples were compared with a raw food study in Taiyuan in 2008. Three main sources of dietary PAHs are vegetables, wheat flour and fruits, the sum of which contributes 75.95% of PAHs in dietary food. Compared to the estimated value in raw food, much more B[a]Peq （benzo[a]pyrene equivalents） were detected in food samples collected in the duplicate-diet study in Taiyuan （60.75 ng/day）. The cooking process may introduce more B[a]Peq into food, and the relative contribution of 16 PAHs in the diet would be changed during the cooking procedure.     

Theoretical study on the degradation reaction of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin with atomic oxygen O(3P) in dielectric barrier discharge reactor

Dielectric barrier discharges （DBD） have been used in the degradation of dioxins due to the large number of excimers and free radicals produced in discharge process. In this article, the density functional theory （DFT） is used to study the degradation mechanism of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin （OCDD） with the atomic oxygen O（3P） in DBD reactor. The reactants, intermediates, transition states and products are optimized at the MPWB1K/6- 31 ＋ G（d,p） level. The vibrational frequencies have been calculated at the same level. The reaction pathways and mechanisms are analyzed in detail. The effect of removing the chlorine atom on environment also has been discussed.     

Effect of ammonium sulfate and urea on PCDD/F formation from active carbon and possible mechanism of inhibition

The effect of ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4） and urea （CO（NH2）2） on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran （PCDD/F） formation from active carbon was investigated in this study. Both additives could significantly inhibit PCDD/F formation, and PCDD/F （TEQ） generation was reduced to 98.5% （98%） or 64.5% （77.2%） after 5% （NH4）2S04 or CO（NH2）2 was added into model ash, respectively. The inhibition efficiency of PCDDs was higher than the value of PCDFs, however, the reduction of PCDD/F yield was mainly from PCDFs decreasing. In addition, the solid-phase products were reduced more than the gas-phase compounds by inhibitors. By the measurement of chlorine emission in the phase of ion （Cl[Cl^-]） and molecule gas （Cl[Cl2]）, it was observed that both Cl[Cl^-] and Cl[Cl2] were reduced after inhibitors were added into ash. Cl[Cl2] was reduced to 51.0% by urea addition, which was supposed as one possible mechanism of PCDD/F inhibition.     

多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复标准研究——辽宁省地方标准(DB 21/T 2274-2014)的建立及其依据

为指导正确评价多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复效果及环境风险,根据辽宁省农田土壤多环芳烃污染状况、多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复技术特点,参考国内外相关标准,应用生态风险模型,建立辽宁省地方标准(DB 21/T 2274-2014)——多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复标准,提出了生态修复完成后农田土壤中总多环芳烃浓度和苯并[a]芘环境当量总浓度限值。主要内容为:生态修复完成后农田土壤中总多环芳烃浓度低于2 mg/kg,生态修复完成后农田土壤中苯并[a]芘环境当量总浓度低于0.53 mg/kg。     

人口密集多网并汇区油气管道的安全性与可靠性分析

介绍了油气管道运行安全现状,阐述了我国多网并汇区域形成的原因,揭示在灾害性载荷下的腐蚀事故及其次生灾害是我国人口密集区多网并汇管道安全性和可靠性管理的重点和难点,其主要灾害性载荷形式是腐蚀环境和第三方作用,且第三方载荷通常以加速腐蚀的形式发生作用,使油气管道的安全隐患与日俱增,为此,提出了相关建议。     

可吸入性粉尘电凝并效应的实验研究

可吸入性粉尘对环境、人体具有较大的危害,但由于粒径小而难以被除尘器直接捕集。电凝并是通过电场的作用使粉尘粒子荷电而发生凝并,使之有效直径增大从而便于捕集的简单、易行方法。研发采用偶极荷电凝并器并利用重力沉降作用测试可吸入性粉尘电凝并效应的实验装置,在测试段设置沉降板放置若干载玻片作为取样点。采用粉煤灰为实验样品,分别在未荷电、电压18 k V,20 k V 3种状态下进行对比实验研究。实验结果表明,研发的实验装置可以有效测试粉尘在测试段的沉降效果,显微镜直接观察和图像粒度分析处理以及中位径分析表明,荷电凝并后的粉尘粒径明显增大,大粒径粉尘百分比明显提高,平均粒径亦有所增大,且电压越高,效果越明显。     

煤矸石井下填充后微生物降解残渣的分析

通过对煤矸石进行微生物降解试验,探讨煤矸石并下填充的可行性并为填充后的污染控制提供理论依据。试验结果表明：煤矸石中有机质可以被微生物降解,浸泡和接种物驯化有利于微生物降解有机质,而且接种物含量和浸泡时间影响残渣中金属Ag、Cu、CO和Fe的含量;试验后残渣中CaO、MgO、SiO2不会对地下水造成太大影响,但残渣中Fe2O3含量相对较大,将可能引起地下水中Fe超标,可能对地下环境有一定的影响。