酸-碱改性粉煤灰基铝铁复合混凝剂的除磷机理

为解决城市污水排放磷超标的问题,本研究制备出一种新型铝铁复合混凝剂。混凝剂以粉煤灰和铝土矿为原料,采用常压高温酸碱两段改性法制备,并研究了其除磷性能及机理。结果表明:(1)最佳制备条件为:碱改性过程使用4 mol/L Na OH溶液,温度100℃,时间2 h;酸改性过程使用2 mol/L盐酸,温度100℃,时间4 h;酸性上清液与碱性上清液比例为1∶16。(2)混凝剂对污水中TP去除率达97.73%,出水TP含量为0.132 0 mg/L,优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。(3)对新型混凝剂进行表征测试发现,混凝剂主要由Al Cl_3·6H_2O、Na Cl、KMg F_3、Na_3Al H_x、Sr Fe O_(2.5)构成,主要有效成分为Al_2O_3(13.343%)、Fe_2O_3(5.497%)及Si O_2(17.920%)等。混凝剂投入水中后,其中的铁离子和铝离子及其水解产物形成Fe_3(OH)_2~(7+)、Al_n(OH)_m~((3n-m)+)等不饱和多羟基络合离子,并从溶液中吸取羟基来补充其未饱和位,从而对水中聚磷酸盐等胶体颗粒产生强烈吸附作用。同时,由于混凝剂表面粗糙,孔隙发达,比表面积大,可进一步提高其除磷效果。     

基于污染物综合管控效率的全过程精细化管控对策建议

我国在“十一五”和“十二五”期间实现了二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化学需氧量和氨氮四项主要污染物排放总量的大幅削减.然而,单纯粗放式的基于“去除效率”的管控模式已经不能满足新常态下改善环境质量这一核心目标.针对这一短板,本文提出了“污染物综合管控效率”的概念,以此为基础,给出了污染物从产生、收集、治理到排放全过程管控指标的量化方法,并分别从国家政策制订和决策层面、企业在政策的落实和执行层面,以及政策实施效果体现的社会层面,分别提出了以“污染物综合管控效率”为目标导向的全过程精细化管控对策建议.     

热预处理对酸碱强化污泥发酵产酸过程的影响

污水处理厂产生的污泥是一种含有许多有机物的生物质,这些有机物主要是总糖和蛋白质。实验采用4种预处理(酸、碱、热-酸和热-碱)来提高污泥的发酵产酸,并探索热预处理对酸碱调控后的剩余污泥产酸的影响。结果表明,热-碱处理方式可大幅提高SCOD的生成,最大可以达到15 364.8 mg/L,碱处理次之,热-酸处理和酸处理的贡献较小。溶解性蛋白质和总糖的溶出也表现了类似的规律,热-碱处理后溶解性蛋白质和总糖最大可以达到3 474.9 mg/L和731.4 mg/L。对挥发酸(VFAs)的研究结果表明,酸性处理反而阻碍了其生成积累,即使辅以热预处理后,产酸量仍没有得到明显提高,最佳的产酸条件仍然是热-碱预处理,最大产酸量可以达到4 783.5 mg/L。     

典型持久性有机污染物在翅碱蓬中的分布特征

碱蓬是潮间带的常见优势种群,为了解其在持久性有机污染物从陆域向海洋迁移中所起的作用,利用GC-MS研究了东营和营口潮间带盐沼植物翅碱蓬不同器官及根系土中有机氯农药(OCPs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、十溴联苯醚(BDE209)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量和分布特征.结果表明,4类持久性有机污染物在翅碱蓬中的污染水平依次为ΣPAHsΣOCPsBDE209ΣPCBs(96～1506ng/g、14～577ng/g、1.8～33ng/g和399～2161pg/g).营口潮间带沉积物中OCPs、PAHs和PCBs的污染水平高于东营,但这3类污染物在两地潮间带翅碱蓬叶子中的含量水平相当.OCPs在两地翅碱蓬各器官中的分布相同,即茎根叶,PAHs和PCBs2种污染物受根系土中有机质含量的影响,在翅碱蓬器官中呈现不同的分布.BDE209在东营潮间带的污染水平(19.7ng/g)高于营口(2.36ng/g),在碱蓬器官中呈现不同分布.     

Enhancement of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of thickened waste activated sludge by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment

Pretreatment of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment (MAP) was studied to improve thermophilic anaerobic digestion efficiency. Uniform design was applied to determine the combination of target temperature (110–210°C), microwave holding time (1–51 min), and NaOH dose (0–2.5 g NaOH/g suspended solids (SS)) in terms of their effect on volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization. Maximum solubilization ratio (85.1%) of VSS was observed at 210°C with 0.2 g-NaOH/g-SS and 35 min holding time. The effects of 12 different pretreatment methods were investigated in 28 thermophilic batch reactors by monitoring cumulative methane production (CMP). Improvements in methane production in the TWAS were directly related to the microwave and alkaline pretreatment of the sludge. The highest CMP was a 27% improvement over the control. In spite of the increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration and the decrease in dewaterability of digested sludge, a semi-continuous thermophilic reactor fed with pretreated TWAS without neutralization (at 170°C with 1 min holding time and 0.05 g NaOH/g SS) was stable and functioned well, with volatile solid (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) reductions of 28% and 18%, respectively, which were higher than those of the control system. Additionally, methane yields (L@STP/g-CODadded, at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions of 0°C and 101.325 kPa) and (L@STP/g VSadded) increased by 17% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control reactor.     

Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary

The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73±1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.     

脱水污泥中聚合物的碱提取及其镉吸附效能研究

市政污水处理厂产生的脱水剩余污泥中含有大量的细菌胞外聚合物、胞内聚合物等大分子有机物,是一种良好的生物吸附剂制备原料。以脱水污泥为原料,采用碱提取的方法,对污泥中胞外聚合物与胞内聚合物进行提取,提取得到聚合物吸附剂,分析了聚合物吸附剂中聚合物浓度、核酸浓度随提取剂中NaOH浓度的变化,考察了聚合物吸附剂对水中镉的等温吸附性能。研究结果表明,当NaOH浓度小于0.5 mol/L时,随着提取剂NaOH浓度的升高,得到的提取液中聚合物浓度、核酸浓度逐渐升高。最佳的提取剂中NaOH浓度为0.3 mol/L,该条件下能够充分实现污泥中聚合物的提取。当NaOH浓度高于0.5 mol/L,聚合物中核酸存在一定程度的分解。聚合物吸附剂对水中Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir模型,NaOH浓度为0.3 mol/L条件下提取得到的聚合物吸附剂的镉饱和吸附容量最大,达1.022 mmol/g。     

盐酸小檗碱纳米乳的抑藻性能研究

选用处方为表面活性剂吐温-80、助表面活性剂甘油、油相大豆油及水,制备盐酸小檗碱纳米乳,并在对该纳米乳质量评价的基础上研究其对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效应。结果表明:在四相质量比为36∶9∶5∶10情况下制备出的水包油型盐酸小檗碱纳米乳澄清透明,分散均匀,平均粒径约为(14.2±3.8)nm,载药量为3 980 mg/L。该纳米乳能大幅提高盐酸小檗碱的抑藻性能,2 mg/L盐酸小檗碱纳米乳抑藻性能与8 mg/L未纳米化盐酸小檗碱抑藻性能相当,同时结果表明盐酸小檗碱纳米乳对无毒微囊藻的抑制效应强于有毒微囊藻。该研究将纳米药物技术应用于有害藻类的防控并取得较好效果,为纳米药物技术在水产养殖业应用提供科学参考。     

泥炭碱提取液E4/E6值表征泥炭腐殖化度及其古气候意义

采用AMS14C测年技术建立了哈尼泥炭地的年代序列,以泥炭碱提取液的E4/E6值(400nm和600nm处吸光度比值)来表征泥炭腐殖化度,并探讨其指示的古气候意义。研究结果表明:根据泥炭碱提取液E4/E6值与校正年龄的变化曲线,以及将其与哈尼泥炭400nm处吸光度直接表征腐殖化度的曲线进行对比,发现哈尼泥炭碱提取液的E4/E6值对古气候具有很好的指示意义,对全新世以来的气候突变事件以及前人研究的气候时期划分都能得到很好的对应,即哈尼泥炭碱提取液E4/E6值高,泥炭腐殖化度低,指示气候干冷,其E4/E6值低,泥炭腐殖化度高,指示气候暖湿。在今后的研究中,可结合E4/E6值来表征泥炭腐殖化度,并结合磁化率、孢粉等化学物理生物因子以及温度、湿度、水文、地质条件等其他因素来探讨泥炭腐殖化度对古气候的指示意义。     

泥炭腐殖化度的测定方法研究

泥炭腐殖化度能反映沉积物中泥炭的分解程度,常被用作恢复古气候与环境的代用指标。本文对当前泥炭腐殖化度的5种测定方法:化学计算法、碱提取溶液吸光度法、经验公式法、标准曲线计算法和灰度度量法进行了系统分析和比较,重点介绍了碱提取溶液吸光度法,并依据哈尼地区的泥炭数据,对碱提取溶液吸光度法测定泥炭腐殖化度的可行性和可靠性进行了检验。