腐殖酸与镉离子在水合二氧化锰表面的分配系数研究

水体中腐殖酸(HA)和金属离子广泛存在,二者的相互作用对其在水中天然矿物颗粒表面的吸附、降解等环境行为具有重要影响.本文采用离子交换平衡法测定了HA和镉离子(Cd(Ⅱ))的配位数(co-ordination number,x)和络合稳定常数(complex stability constant,K),系统考察了pH值和离子强度对x和K的影响,并研究了HA和Cd(Ⅱ)在水合二氧化锰(HMO)表面的分配关系.结果表明:pH值对HA和Cd(Ⅱ)的配位数影响较小(x=1.651~1.752),而对络合稳定常数影响显著(log K=1.652~3.548);在不同pH值条件下,离子强度对HA和Cd(Ⅱ)的络合稳定常数影响均较小,而其配位数均随溶液离子强度的增加而提高;不同温度条件下,HA-Cd(Ⅱ)络合物在HMO表面的分配系数(Kd)均低于HA和Cd(Ⅱ)在HMO表面的分配系数,表明HA-Cd(Ⅱ)络合体系的存在抑制了HMO对Cd(Ⅱ)和HA的去除作用.     

单壁碳纳米管材料对水稻幼苗的毒性效应

随着碳纳米管材料(CNTs)被广泛地应用于工业和商业等多个领域,其将不可避免地进入到大气、水和土壤环境中,从而对生态系统结构和功能产生一些负面影响.为明确进入水环境中的碳纳米管材料对农业生产的潜在危险,本实验采用水培法,研究了不同浓度(10、20、40mg·L~(-1))的单壁碳纳米管材料(SWCNTs)对萌发期内水稻的发芽率、根长耐性指数和幼苗生长期内水稻的鲜重、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的影响,以及单壁碳纳米管材料在水稻根部的累积.结果表明,在萌发期,胁迫处理4 d后,与对照相比,10、20、40 mg·L-1SWCNTs处理组对水稻发芽率没有任何抑制作用,但会延迟种子的发芽时间;水稻根长耐性指数随着单壁碳纳米管材料浓度的增加而下降.在幼苗生长期,胁迫处理30 d后,与对照相比,水稻鲜重随着单壁碳纳米管材料浓度的增加而分别下降14.2%、21.0%和38.8%;与此相类似,水稻叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量随着单壁碳纳米管材料浓度的增加而下降;另外,通过透射电镜观察(TEM)发现,SWCNTs颗粒分布在水稻幼苗根尖表皮细胞的细胞壁中.SWCNTs对水稻生长起抑制作用,且随着浓度的增加抑制作用逐渐增强.     

基于改进DRASTIC模型、GIS和层次分析法(AHP)的地下水U(VI)污染风险评价

以某铀尾矿库为例,应用层次分析法(AHP)对DRASTIC进行改进,得出AHP-DRASTICLL模型,并构建了综合指数体系,在此基础上,基于GIS平台对某铀尾矿库区地下水受U(VI)污染风险进行了评价和污染区的污染风险划分。由地下水风险区划图得出尾矿库周围与砂卵砾石层区风险较高,丘陵地带风险较低,其结果较好地反映了实际的污染风险现状。     

Impact of dissolved organic matter on the photolysis of the ionizable antibiotic norfloxacin

Norfloxacin (NOR), an ionizable antibiotic frequently used in the aquaculture industry, has aroused public concern due to its persistence, bacterial resistance, and environmental ubiquity. Therefore, we investigated the photolysis of different species of NOR and the impact of a ubiquitous component of natural water — dissolved organic matter (DOM), which has a special photochemical activity and normally acts as a sensitizer or inhibiter in the photolysis of diverse organics; furthermore, scavenging experiments combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were performed to evaluate the transformation of NOR in water. The results demonstated that NOR underwent direct photolysis and self-sensitized photolysis via hydroxyl radical (·OH) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) based on the scavenging experiments. In addition, DOM was found to influence the photolysis of different NOR species, and its impact was related to the concentration of DOM and type of NOR species. Photolysis of cationic NOR was photosensitized by DOM at low concentration, while zwitterionic and anionic NOR were photoinhibited by DOM, where quenching of UOH predominated according to EPR experiments, accompanied by possible participation of excited triplet-state NOR and ¹O₂. Photo-intermediate identification of different NOR species in solutions with/without DOM indicated that NOR underwent different photodegradation pathways including dechlorination, cleavage of the piperazine side chain and photooxidation, and DOM had little impact on the distribution but influenced the concentration evolution of photolysis intermediates. The results implied that for accurate ecological risk assessment of emerging ionizable pollutants, the impact of DOM on the environmental photochemical behavior of all dissociated species should not be ignored.     

SDBS改性活性炭对水中环丙沙星的吸附研究

本文以活性炭为吸附剂,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为改性剂,通过正交试验确定了活性炭的最佳改性条件,并且通过静态吸附试验研究了改性活性炭对水中环丙沙星的吸附作用,并通过BET,XRD对SDBS改性活性炭进行了表征。结果表明:最优改性条件为SDBS浓度2 g/L,浸泡时间为4 h,固液比为1∶10。改性活性炭对水中环丙沙星的吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,其吸附行为可用Langmuir吸附等温线来描述,即为单分子层吸附。改性活性炭的最大吸附容量为27.1 mg/g,较改性前提高了48%,改性过后能更快的达到吸附平衡。并且改性过后的活性炭表面积变小,孔径变大,但是其晶格结构并未改变。     

Enhanced U(VI) bioreduction by alginate-immobilized uranium-reducing bacteria in the presence of carbon nanotubes and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate

Uranium-reducing bacteria were immobilized with sodium alginate, anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effects of different AQDS-CNTs contents, U(IV) concentrations, and metal ions on U(IV) reduction by immobilized beads were examined. Over 97.5% U(VI) (20 mg/L) was removed in 8 hr when the beads were added to 0.7% AQDS-CNTs, which was higher than that without AQDS-CNTs. This result may be attributed to the enhanced electron transfer by AQDS and CNTs. The reduction of U(VI) occurred at initial U(VI) concentrations of 10 to 100 mg/L and increased with increasing AQDS-CNT content from 0.1% to 1%. The presence of Fe(III), Cu(II) and Mn(II) slightly increased U(VI) reduction, whereas Cr(VI), Ni(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) significantly inhibited U(VI) reduction. After eight successive incubation-washing cycles or 8 hr of retention time (HRT) for 48 hr of continuous operation, the removal efficiency of uranium was above 90% and 92%, respectively. The results indicate that the AQDS-CNT/AL/cell beads are suitable for the treatment of uranium-containing wastewaters.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid(OA) on the immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ) by KH2PO4, phosphate rock(PR), activated phosphate rock(APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite(HAP) at different phosphate:Pb(P:Pb) molar ratios(0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or Ca Cl2, Community Bureau of Reference(BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

膨润土负载纳米铁的改性及对水中As(Ⅴ)的吸附

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对膨润土负载纳米零价铁(Bent-n ZVI)进行表面改性,得到表面改性膨润土负载纳米铁(Bent-n ZVI)/CTMAB。通过SEM、Zeta电位和中位径d(50)分析,与膨润土(Bent)、改性膨润土(CTMAB-Bent)、Bent-n ZVI进行了对比,结果表明:相比Bent-n ZVI,(Bent-n ZVI)/CTMAB中的纳米铁颗粒更为分散且呈链状分布,d(50)仅为5.21μm,并且Zeta电位为+0.65 m V,更易静电吸引和吸附阴离子As O43-。4种材料的除砷结果亦表明其中(Bent-n ZVI)/CTMAB去除率最高,达到了93.9%。光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明(Bent-n ZVI)/CTMAB的除砷产物中只有As(Ⅴ),并不存在其还原态As(Ⅲ),说明(Bent-n ZVI)/CTMAB是通过吸附作用去除As(Ⅴ)。     

活性炭负载DBU流化床吸附CO_2反应条件研究

采用浸渍法将DBU负载到活性炭上制成吸附剂。通过扫描电镜、N_2吸附分析仪、热重分析仪对吸附剂进行表征测定,并在流化床上进行正交实验,研究不同反应条件对活性炭负载DBU吸附CO_2的影响。结果表明:影响活性炭负载DBU流化床吸附CO_2的主要因素是CO_2浓度,其次是DBU负载率和吸附剂质量;最佳反应条件是DBU负载率7.4%,气流量0.8 L/min,水蒸气预处理时间5 min,CO_2浓度10%,吸附剂质量10 g,再生温度为100℃。     

都柳江河道急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩系统水质差异研究

河流是流域生态系统的重要组成部分,河流形态结构与水质变化间关系研究可以为河流生态修复提供理论依据。河流是由急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩不断重复出现构成的系统,急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩是河流的基本结构单元,并以都柳江上、中、下游9个急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩单元为对象,测定了水质指标,分析了山区典型河道基本结构单元与水质变化之间的关系。结果表明:都柳江深潭水体中氮素浓度与pH值大于急流,其浓度分别是总氮0.97mg/L和0.87mg/L;硝酸盐氮0.60mg/L和0.56mg/L;氨氮0.22mg/L和0.20mg/L;pH8.22和8.14。而磷素、溶解氧、BOD5和COD则是深潭小于急流。其浓度分别是总磷0.0187mg/L和0.0202mg/L;正磷酸盐0.0070mg/L和0.0085mg/L;溶解氧11.93mg/L和13.50mg/L;BOD53.75mg/L和5.36mg/L;COD10.986mg/L和12.807mg/L。电导率深潭与急流相等,均为169.7μS/cm。方差分析表明,深潭与急流水体总氮和硝酸盐氮在夏季差异极显著;磷素和pH在春季差异极显著;电导率在秋季差异极显著;氨氮、溶解氧、BOD5和COD差异均不显著。研究工作显示,河流形态结构变化影响着水环境质量,急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩不断重复出现使河流水质得到改善,在河道生态修复中需要遵循河流形态结构规律以便提高河流的自净能力。