嗜盐菌群对菲的降解及萘双加氧酶基因的表达规律

从胜利油田富集了一个能够降解多环芳烃的嗜盐菌群,通过克隆文库技术解析了菌群萘双加氧酶(ndo)基因的多样性.结果表明,该嗜盐菌群有6种ndo基因型,其中3种主要基因型(占总克隆子92.7%)与经典nah-like基因的相似度为89%.采用real-time RT-PCR等技术分析了不同盐度下菲降解过程中ndo基因的表达量、降解速率、生长曲线以及菲的生物可利用度,探索了菌群对菲的降解及ndo基因的表达规律.结果表明,当盐度由10%升高到20%,菌群完全降解100mg/L菲的时间从6d延长到9d,菌群生长的迟滞期由1d延长为3d.溶解菲的浓度在菌群生长过程中呈增加的趋势.Ndo基因的表达量在降解过程中呈先降低后随溶解菲浓度升高而升高的趋势,表明高浓度菲在初始阶段可能抑制ndo基因的表达.单因素方差分析(n=3, P>0.05)表明溶解菲浓度在10%和20%盐度下没有显著差异,表明一定范围的盐度不会影响菌群降解过程中菲的溶解度.菌群ndo基因的相对表达量在10%盐度下较在20%盐度下高,说明盐度对嗜盐菌群功能基因的表达具有抑制作用.     

天津中心城区环境空气挥发性有机物污染特征分析

为研究天津中心城区挥发性有机物的污染特征,在天津中心城区布点26个,分别对春、夏、秋、冬四季进行了系统采样.天津中心城区共检出挥发性有机物80余种,检出率大于80%的物质主要为烷烃、苯系物和卤代烃.天津中心城区挥发性有机物总浓度(体积分数,下同)季节变化特征为:春季(110.43×10-9)>秋季(93.73×10-9)>冬季(73.37×10-9)>夏季(60.43×10-9).统计结果表明,城区挥发性有机物总浓度主要集中在30×10-9~90×10-9之间,在此区间4个季节的样品百分比均在50%以上.天津中心城区不同季节VOCs组成存在一定差异.含氧有机物和烷烃是VOCs主要组成物质,两者浓度百分比之和4个季节均在50%以上.对苯系物和卤代烃这两类主要污染物,进行了季节变化分析.     

O3/UV降解喹啉过程中不同氧化剂的相对重要性

研究O₃/UV降解自配喹啉水溶液时水体中存在的不同氧化剂对喹啉降解的相对重要性的结果表明,O₃和·OH是喹啉降解过程的主要氧化剂.通过靛蓝二磺酸钠法和·OH探针化合物(对氯苯甲酸)法分别测定了水体中的O₃浓度和·OH浓度,定量地计算了O₃和·OH在降解喹啉时的相对重要性,得到喹啉与·OH的二级反应速率常数为6.65×10⁹mol·(L·s)^-1.在本试验条件下,由·OH引起的喹啉去除率占总去除率的88%,而由O₃引起的喹啉去除率占总去除率的12%.提高水体中·OH的浓度有利于提高喹啉的总降解速率.     

生物活性炭去除水中挥发性苯系物的基础研究

采用连续流生物活性炭(BAC)工艺处理水中挥发性苯系物(BTEX,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯),评价进水负荷、活性炭炭型等因素对于BAC处理性能的影响.研究表明,在40d的处理时间内,除苯之外,其余BTEX的BAC出水中均未检出苯系物(进水为6mg/L).为了检验BAC在高BTEX负荷情况时的处理效果,将进水浓度设定为19~32mg/L左右,在EBCT为1.2min条件下同样只有苯的出水浓度上升至10mg/L(C/Cin为0.45),然后略有下降,最终保持在5~10mg/L(C/Cin为0.3以下),其余苯系物出水浓度均一直保持小于5mg/L.这表明BAC可以有效地处理高负荷BTEX(8.68~12.9kgTOC/(m3·d))的进水.生物活性炭对于活性炭吸附容量的恢复有比较明显的作用,煤质炭和椰壳炭的生物再生效率分别为53.6%和26.6%,煤质炭再生效率高的原因可能是其具备更多的大型中孔和大孔.     

蚊香和佛香燃烧过程中苯系物的排放研究

利用小型烟雾箱对6种市售蚊香和5种佛香燃烧过程进行采样研究,定量分析释放的5种苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯、对/间二甲苯、邻二甲苯),利用单室质量平衡模型分别计算排放系数.结果表明,蚊香和佛香的不同品牌之间苯系物的排放系数相差较大,蚊香中5种苯系物的平均排放因子分别是77,101,94,250,94μg/g,佛香中5种苯系物的平均排放因子依次是732,598,2084,2349,221μg/g.蚊香与佛香燃烧释放物中含量最高的苯系物均是间/对二甲苯,分别占总含量的41%、39%.取测得的最大排放速率,采用室内空气质量模型模拟一般条件下蚊香和佛香燃烧释放苯系物对室内空气的影响,分析结果显示,燃烧蚊香造成室内苯、甲苯和乙苯的最大模拟浓度分别是31,45,86μg/m3,燃烧佛香造成室内苯、甲苯和乙苯的最大模拟浓度为65,66,187μg/m3.     

PCR-DGGE技术分析倒置A~2/O工艺处理染织废水中的微生物区系

基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)技术研究了倒置A2/O(anoxic-anaerobic-aerobic)工艺处理染织废水过程中的微生物群落结构.从兼氧、厌氧和好氧区共取6个不同处理阶段的样品,测量了不同处理阶段样品的COD、pH、NH4+-N、H2S、总磷(TP)、污泥含量(TS)、色度及其脱除率,并分析了这些指标的变化规律.结果显示,COD在处理后期降到了145mg·L-1,NH4+-N的脱除率可达到85%,硫化氢的去除率达到了90%以上,磷的脱除率可达80%以上,TS处于逐渐升高的趋势,色度的脱除率达到65%.DGGE图谱显示,好氧处理阶段的微生物多样性明显比兼氧处理和厌氧处理的阶段的要丰富.     

Effect of nutrient conditions on the toxicity of naphthalene to Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The toxicity of naphthalene to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the subsequent recovery of algae from the damage were investigated under two nutrient conditions, either enriched with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), or starved of N and P. Results showed that C. pyrenoidosa was more sensitive to naphthalene under N,P-enriched condition, and the inhibitory rate generally increased at first and then decreased gradually with the evaporation of naphthalene under both nutrient conditions. Enriched N, P reduced the inhibitory rate at initial naphthalene concentration of 5 and 10 mg/L, but enhanced it at 100 mg/L, at which more severe ultrastructure damages were found than those under N,P-starved condition. Observed damages included partly or totally disappearance of nucleolus, nuclear, and plasma membranes. According to the chlorophyll content and cell density measurements, C. pyrenoidosa could recover from naphthalene damage with initial concentrations 6 50 mg/L in 7 days under both nutrient conditions, while they could not recover if the initial concentration of naphthalene was at 100 mg/L. Under the N,P-starved condition, the inability of C. pyrenoidosa to recover from the naphthalene damage was consistent with the results of high inhibitory rate, low value of specific growth rate (SGR, 0.05 day??1), and the severe destruction of cell structure. However, under the N,P-enriched conditions, the observed lower inhibitory rate, higher value of SGR (0.55 day??1), and the intact cell structure of most cells suggested that algae could potentially recover from the naphthalene damage.     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.     

不同活性炭对水中微量药物萘普生的吸附规律研究

从吸附平衡、吸附动力学、吸附等温式和吸附热力学等方面详细考察了煤质炭(MAC)、杏壳炭(XAC)和椰壳炭(YAC)对水中微量药物萘普生(Naproxen,NAP)的吸附去除效能和作用机理.实验结果表明,MAC、XAC和YAC对NAP的吸附平衡时间大致为24h,平衡吸附量相应分别为8.23mg·g-1、7.92mg·g-1、6.52mg·g-1;这3种活性炭对NAP的吸附过程均符合假二级反应动力学方程,且吸附速率受到膜扩散和内扩散作用的共同限制;相较而言NAP的吸附行为更符合Langmuir等温式;吸附热力学计算结果表明,MAC、XAC和YAC对NAP的吸附去除机理为化学吸附和物理吸附的共同作用,且化学吸附作用大于物理吸附;NAP在3种活性炭上的吸附作用均为自发进行的不可逆吸热反应.     

苯酚降解菌红球菌PNAN5菌株(Rhodococcus sp.strain PNAN5)的分离鉴定、降解特性及其开环双加氧酶性质研究

分离到一株能以苯酚、苯甲酸、对甲酚、萘为唯一碳源和能源生长、具有同时降解单环和双环芳烃能力的细菌菌株,经生理生化、16SrRNA基因序列分析等鉴定为红球菌PNAN5菌株(Rhodococcussp.strainPNAN5).在实验条件下和在温度为20～40℃、pH7 0～9 0范围内菌株PNAN5降解苯酚的效率保持在80%～100%之间,苯酚浓度在2～10mmol·L-1范围内变化对降解效率没有明显的影响.该菌株通过邻苯二酚1,2 双加氧酶催化的开环途径降解芳烃,不同于已知的浑浊红球菌(R.opacus)是通过邻苯二酚2,3 双加氧酶催化芳烃降解.以细胞裂解液测定该酶的酶促反应动力学常数Km值为35 94μmol·L-1,Vmax为0 84μmol·L-1·min-1·mg-1.