我国环境空气中颗粒物达标统计要求研究

基于世界卫生组织(WHO)和美国制定颗粒物达标统计要求的原则,利用我国120个城市2005~2012年可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的实际监测数据,通过统计回归法、比例反推法和控制图法对我国不同地理区划城市的颗粒物达标统计要求进行了分析研究.结果表明,当我国城市PM10浓度达到年均值标准时,大多数城市PM10日均值的达标率均在95.0%以上,平均为97.1%;其中华北、西北地区城市的平均达标率为96.3%,东北地区城市平均达标率为96.6%,华东、中南地区城市平均达标率为97.2%,西南地区城市平均达标率为98.1%.当我国PM10达标统计要求等于97百分位数时,日均值标准和年均值标准的控制力度基本匹配,当达标统计要求高于97百分位数时,日均值标准成为控制性标准,反之年均值标准成为控制性标准.综合考虑我国城市PM10浓度统计特征、百分位数的稳健性和对人体健康的保护性等各方面因素,我国宜选择95百分位数作为我国目前的PM10和PM2.5的日均值达标统计要求.     

Effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater using moving bed biofilm reactor

Nitrogen removal via nitrite （the nitrite pathway） is more suitable for carbon-limited industrial wastewater. Partial nitrification to nitrite is the primary step to achieve nitrogen removal via nitrite. The effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in a continuous process was investigated by progressively increasing the alkalinity dosage ratio （amount of alkalinity to ammonia ratio, mol/mol）. There is a close relationship among alkalinity, pH and the state of matter present in aqueous solution. When alkalinity was insufficient （compared to the theoretical alkalinity amount）, ammonia removal efficiency increased first and then decreased at each alkalinity dosage ratio, with an abrupt removal efficiency peak. Generally, ammonia removal efficiency rose with increasing alkalinity dosage ratio. Ammonia removal efficiency reached to 88% from 23% when alkalinity addition was sufficient. Nitrite accumulation could be achieved by inhibiting nitrite oxidizing bacteria （NOB） by free ammonia （FA） in the early period and free nitrous acid in the later period of nitrification when alkalinity was not adequate. Only FA worked to inhibit the activity of NOB when alkalinity addition was sufficient.     

Atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride in-situ measurements at the Shangdianzi regional background station in China

We present in-situ measurements of atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride（SF6） conducted by an automated gas chromatograph–electron capture detector system and a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system at a regional background site, Shangdianzi,in China, from June 2009 to May 2011, using the System for Observation of Greenhouse gases in Europe and Asia and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment（AGAGE）techniques. The mean background and polluted mixing ratios for SF6 during the study period were 7.22 × 10-12（mol/mol, hereinafter） and 8.66 × 10-12, respectively. The averaged SF6 background mixing ratios at Shangdianzi were consistent with those obtained at other AGAGE stations located at similar latitudes（Trinidad Head and Mace Head）, but larger than AGAGE stations in the Southern Hemisphere（Cape Grim and Cape Matatula）. SF6 background mixing ratios increased rapidly during our study period, with a positive growth rate at 0.30 × 10-12year-1. The peak to peak amplitude of the seasonal cycle for SF6 background conditions was 0.07 × 10-12, while the seasonal fluctuation of polluted conditions was 2.16 × 10-12. During the study period, peak values of SF6 mixing ratios occurred in autumn when local surface horizontal winds originated from W/WSW/SW/SWS/S sectors, while lower levels of SF6 mixing ratios appeared as winds originated from N/NNE/NE/ENE/E sectors.     

浅析桥式与门式起重机的低压接地保护

桥式、门式起重机在装卸运输工作中增长比例最高,而桥式、门式起重机的电气安装装置很多,其中一个突出的问题就是接地保护.根据本地区起重机械的特点,浅析桥式与门式低压起重机的接地保护.     

低强度超声波强化污水生物处理中超声辐照污泥比例的优化选择

通过超声波的SBR反应器与对照反应器处理人工配制生活污水的对比试验,研究了利用低强度超声波强化污水生物处理的另一个重要工艺参数———超声处理污泥比例(即超声处理污泥量占反应器内总污泥量的百分比).设置超声波反应器采用频率35kHz、声强0.3W/cm²超声波每隔8h取反应器中一定比例的活性污泥辐照10min后再返回反应器.结果表明,超声处理污泥比例为10%时,其COD和NH₃-N去除率可分别提高5%和0.5%左右,以好氧呼吸速率(Oxygen Uptake Rate,OUR)表示的污泥活性可提高12%以上.通过对污泥增长率的研究表明,当超声污泥比例为10%,超声波反应器内污泥的增长率比对照反应器降低了11%左右,减轻了后续污泥处理工序的负荷.随着超声处理污泥比例的增加,污泥体积指数SVI持续增大,但是超声污泥比例不超过10%对污泥沉降性能影响不大.因此,在超声强化污水生物处理工艺中,可采用强度0.3W/cm²超声波每隔8h取反应器中的10%的活性污泥辐照10min后再返回反应器,来提高反应器的生物处理效率.     

环保部：重点城市空气质量优良天数下降

环保部日前通报。上半年中国国控断面Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质比例占49．3％，同比提高1．3个百分点。七大水系Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质比例为56．8％，同比提高1．0个百分点。     

中国银行业的金融创新与风险

几年前，美国楼市火热，很多按揭公司或银行为扩张业务，针对信用记录较差的客户发放房贷，介入次级房贷业务。正常情况下，这样的客户很难从银行贷到款。一般发放次级房贷，银行能收取更高的利率。最近，由于美国楼市往下走、利率不断升高，次级房贷借款人不能按时还款，次级房贷大比例转化为坏账，形成了美国次级房贷危机。“看上去很美”的次按产品突然崩溃，旋即将全球资本市场拖入一场新的危机。对全球各大金融机构而言，次按危机的凶猛来袭让它们有些招架不及。时至今日，危机对市场的破坏丝毫未见减弱，     

机器不转钱照赚 鲁南三分之一污水处理厂曝出怪现象

《经济日报》11月15日刊登记者来信说，日前，记者在鲁南地区采访时，发现了一个不可思议的怪现象；不少耗费巨资建成的污水处理厂，竟有三分之二的机器闲置多年不转。据了解，山东省65座污水处理厂正常运行和闲置的也是这个比例。知情人伏耳相告，污水处理厂机器越不转越赚钱。     

建筑施工现场手持式电动工具的安全管理

根据建设部对五年来发生的职工因工死亡的810起事故的类别、原因、发生部位等的统计分析,建筑施工现场五大伤害所占的比例如下:高处坠落(占44.8%),触电(占16.6%),物体打击(占12%),机械伤害(占7.2%),坍塌事故(占6%).由此可见施工现场中因为触电导致的安全事故占第二位,其中由于手持电动工具而引发的触电事故也在逐年增多,现就施工现场手持式电动工具的安全管理进行探讨,以达到提高施工现场的电气安全管理水平,防止各种电气事故的发生.