餐厨垃圾与污水污泥共消化产酸试验研究

研究了餐厨垃圾与污水污泥在不同混合比例、不同污泥停留时间条件下的共消化产酸效果。试验结果表明:当餐厨垃圾与污水污泥TS比为1∶3时,SRT=1 d的反应器酸化效率最高,且乙酸含量占优,产酸效果较佳;当TS之比为1∶1时,各反应器产酸量普遍高于1∶3时,其中SRT=5 d产酸反应器,最高酸化效率达5.94,产酸量最大,且乙酸含量占优,运行效果最佳。     

水解酸化工艺的研究现状与发展趋势

水解酸化工艺对各类有机物的去除率较高,可处理高浓度、难降解废水,运行费用低,在处理纺织印染、化工、造纸废水等领域发挥了重要作用。目前研究主要集中在处理复杂污染物、工艺参数优化、机理及动力学。其发展趋势大致有:与其他工艺结合,深入研究降解机理、探索微生物菌群等。     

基于臭氧溶胞的活性污泥减量化技术

目前常见的活性污泥减量技术主要包括解偶联技术、微生物的捕食作用以及隐性生长三种方法。基于臭氧氧化溶胞作用从而强化细菌隐性生长的污泥减量技术具有较好的处理效果及良好的应用前景。着重探讨了臭氧溶胞作用的机理及溶胞过程的影响因素。考虑到污泥减量技术在实际污水处理系统中的应用,探讨了臭氧溶胞对污水生物处理系统的影响。     

国内外污泥处理处置技术现状与发展趋势

随着污泥产生量的日益增加,其对生态环境造成的负面影响逐渐引起了世界的关注,同时人类社会也在共同探寻一个经济合理、安全可靠的污泥处置方案。系统分析了国内外污泥处理处置技术现状、主流技术研究及应用进展,并结合我国国情对污泥处理处置发展趋势进行了展望。     

水泥窑替代燃料中的重金属特性分析

以水泥窑常用的替代燃料——生活垃圾和污泥为研究对象,分别测定了重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni总量,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的形态分布及As、Cr的价态,结果表明:脱水污泥中,8种重金属含量由高到低的顺序为:Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Hg>As>Cd。三种垃圾筛上物中,8种重金属含量由高到低的依次顺序为:Zn>Cr>Cu>Ni>Pb>As>Hg>Cd。市政污泥中,Cd以酸提取态为主,占总量的45%以上;Pb 94%以残渣态存在;Cu以有机结合态为主,占63.16%;Zn以铁锰氧化态为主,占43.5%。三种垃圾筛上物中,Pb几乎没有酸可提取态和铁锰氧化态的存在,重金属Cd没有残渣态存在。原生垃圾中,重金属Zn酸可提取态占18.52%,而堆肥垃圾筛上物和矿化垃圾筛上物中,重金属Zn酸可提取态为1%以下,铁锰氧化态含量为75%左右。垃圾和污泥中,重金属Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)均未检出。     

不同石化污泥配比的堆肥处理对青梗菜生长的影响

试验针对石化污泥生物堆肥,开展了五种不同物料配比和是否添加微生物菌剂的对比试验。试验结果表明:随着堆肥物料中石化污泥配比的提高,堆肥的含水率增大,种植青梗菜的平均单株株高、株重减小,单位面积产量也降低。堆肥物料配比相同的处理Ⅱ与处理Ⅴ对比发现,堆肥处理过程中未添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅴ的青梗菜的平均单株株高、株重、单位面积产量显著低于添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅱ,甚至低于石化污泥配比为100%并添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅳ,试验表明,堆肥过程中添加微生物菌剂,其作用不仅可以提高石化污泥生物堆肥的堆体温度,缩短堆肥周期,而且可提高堆肥在农业种植应用中的效果。     

明胶厂剩余高钙污泥作为燃煤固硫剂的应用研究

明胶生产产业在废水处理工艺中产生大量剩余高钙污泥,采用该剩余污泥作为燃煤固硫剂,在高温管式电阻炉内进行燃烧实验,通过测定燃烧前和燃烧后样品中的硫含量确定该剩余污泥的固硫效果。通过单因素研究煤粉粒径、剩余污泥粒径和剩余污泥/煤样%等影响因素对固硫率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交设计法优选达到较高固硫率的实验条件。实验结果表明:影响固硫率的因素从大到小依次为燃烧温度>剩余污泥/煤样%>煤粉粒径>剩余污泥粒径。以剩余污泥作为固硫剂,固硫率最高的实验条件为:燃烧温度800℃,剩余污泥/煤样为3%,煤粉粒径60⁹0目,剩余污泥粒径9090目,剩余污泥粒径90¹20目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90120目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90¹20目,剩余污泥粒径为60120目,剩余污泥粒径为60⁹0目,污泥/煤样(质量比)为3%时,固硫率可达62.78%,说明在高温下该剩余污泥保持较高的固硫率。将明胶厂剩余污泥作为固硫剂是较为合适的再利用方法,可有效缓解当前该污泥大量堆积污染环境的状况。     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

LNAPLs污染物在层状非均质多孔介质中的运移试验研究

文章通过室内试验研究层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,LNAPL)的运移机制与分布特性。首先,在二维砂槽上进行LNAPL的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机进行拍照,把LANPL的扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后,用AutoCAD对图片进行分析处理,得出不同时刻LNAPL的入渗锋面变化图。结果发现,介质结构突变面改变了LNAPL的迁移模式。在LNAPL由中砂进入细砂层后,由于受到毛细作用的增强,其运移速度加快;而由中砂进入粗砂,受粗砂介质阻滞作用增强的影响,LNAPL运移速度变小。当LNAPL由干砂进入湿润砂体时,由于孔隙水浮托力增大,LNAPL先产生纵向运移,随后以横向迁移的形式在地下水位上部聚积。当达到一定厚度后,LNAPL的压头足以克服浮托力,驱替孔隙水进入砂土孔隙。另外,LNAPL的厚度足够大时,方可克服饱水层受到的浮托力,在地下水位上形成LNAPL池,并因孔隙水向周围砂体排泄,LNAPL池周围的水位上升。