不同石化污泥配比的堆肥处理对青梗菜生长的影响

试验针对石化污泥生物堆肥,开展了五种不同物料配比和是否添加微生物菌剂的对比试验。试验结果表明:随着堆肥物料中石化污泥配比的提高,堆肥的含水率增大,种植青梗菜的平均单株株高、株重减小,单位面积产量也降低。堆肥物料配比相同的处理Ⅱ与处理Ⅴ对比发现,堆肥处理过程中未添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅴ的青梗菜的平均单株株高、株重、单位面积产量显著低于添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅱ,甚至低于石化污泥配比为100%并添加微生物菌剂的处理Ⅳ,试验表明,堆肥过程中添加微生物菌剂,其作用不仅可以提高石化污泥生物堆肥的堆体温度,缩短堆肥周期,而且可提高堆肥在农业种植应用中的效果。     

明胶厂剩余高钙污泥作为燃煤固硫剂的应用研究

明胶生产产业在废水处理工艺中产生大量剩余高钙污泥,采用该剩余污泥作为燃煤固硫剂,在高温管式电阻炉内进行燃烧实验,通过测定燃烧前和燃烧后样品中的硫含量确定该剩余污泥的固硫效果。通过单因素研究煤粉粒径、剩余污泥粒径和剩余污泥/煤样%等影响因素对固硫率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交设计法优选达到较高固硫率的实验条件。实验结果表明:影响固硫率的因素从大到小依次为燃烧温度>剩余污泥/煤样%>煤粉粒径>剩余污泥粒径。以剩余污泥作为固硫剂,固硫率最高的实验条件为:燃烧温度800℃,剩余污泥/煤样为3%,煤粉粒径60⁹0目,剩余污泥粒径9090目,剩余污泥粒径90¹20目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90120目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90¹20目,剩余污泥粒径为60120目,剩余污泥粒径为60⁹0目,污泥/煤样(质量比)为3%时,固硫率可达62.78%,说明在高温下该剩余污泥保持较高的固硫率。将明胶厂剩余污泥作为固硫剂是较为合适的再利用方法,可有效缓解当前该污泥大量堆积污染环境的状况。     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

LNAPLs污染物在层状非均质多孔介质中的运移试验研究

文章通过室内试验研究层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,LNAPL)的运移机制与分布特性。首先,在二维砂槽上进行LNAPL的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机进行拍照,把LANPL的扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后,用AutoCAD对图片进行分析处理,得出不同时刻LNAPL的入渗锋面变化图。结果发现,介质结构突变面改变了LNAPL的迁移模式。在LNAPL由中砂进入细砂层后,由于受到毛细作用的增强,其运移速度加快;而由中砂进入粗砂,受粗砂介质阻滞作用增强的影响,LNAPL运移速度变小。当LNAPL由干砂进入湿润砂体时,由于孔隙水浮托力增大,LNAPL先产生纵向运移,随后以横向迁移的形式在地下水位上部聚积。当达到一定厚度后,LNAPL的压头足以克服浮托力,驱替孔隙水进入砂土孔隙。另外,LNAPL的厚度足够大时,方可克服饱水层受到的浮托力,在地下水位上形成LNAPL池,并因孔隙水向周围砂体排泄,LNAPL池周围的水位上升。     

活化温度对SCAC制备过程中副产物生成规律的影响

文章研究了污泥-玉米芯活性炭(SCAC)制备过程中,活化温度对副产物(热解气和热解油)生成规律的影响。热解气和热解油分别采用气相色谱仪和气质联用仪进行分析检测。试验结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,SCAC的产量逐渐降低,热解气与热解油的产量则随之增多。不同温度条件下,热解气的主要成分均为H2和CO2,热解气中H2所占的体积百分数随着活化温度的升高而增加,而CO2则相应降低。此外,热解气中CH4的含量也会随着活化温度的上升而略有提高,说明较高的活化温度更有利于热解气的资源利用。热解油组分较为复杂,每个温度条件下的液态产物都包括上百种化合物,可分为烷烃,烯烃,苯类,酚类,腈类,杂环化合物,多环芳烃,有机酸,酰胺,酯类,甾体,醇,酮以及其他类共14大类型,其中以有机酸、腈类和甾体类有机物含量居多。随着活化温度的升高,有机酸和多环芳烃的含量有所增加,而酚类化合物的含量则有所降低;当活化温度升高至650℃以上时,甾体类有机物含量明显降低。     

氧化沟半宽导流墙偏心距对水力特性的影响

针对氧化沟弯道水流流态复杂的特点,基于计算流体力学软件(Fluent)对氧化沟弯道设置半宽导流墙前后沟内的水力特性进行了模拟,考察了弯道半宽导流墙的偏心距对氧化沟水力特性的影响,通过灰色关联分析法对不同工况下的模拟结果进行了对比研究,结果发现导流墙偏心距在0²25 mm即约等于氧化沟半宽的1/8时,沟内的水力特性优于无导流墙的情况;偏心距离为225 mm时,过高和过低流速面积均最小,在0.3225 mm即约等于氧化沟半宽的1/8时,沟内的水力特性优于无导流墙的情况;偏心距离为225 mm时,过高和过低流速面积均最小,在0.3⁰.5 m/s内的速度占总体面积的45%,氧化沟内水力特性最佳;导流墙偏心距过大,对氧化沟内水力特性的改善不能起到促进作用,反而会形成较大的低流速区;氧化沟内设置同心半宽弯道导流墙后,同等条件下叶轮消耗的功率将会增加。     

不同来源生物黑炭特性对比及其在农业环保中的应用

生物黑炭是生物有机体转化的稳定性碳物质,作为土壤添加剂近年来在土壤改良、温室气体减排以及受污染环境修复等方面具有广阔的应用前景。虽然近年国际上对生物黑炭的农业应用研究进展很快,但关于不同来源生物黑炭理化性质的调控及其在农业环境保护方面的应用研究还不够深入,未达成统一认识。而我国在该领域的研究才刚刚起步。为推动我国生物黑炭农业应用技术的开展,文章从生物黑炭的来源、不同生物炭理化特性的对比,及其在农业环境保护中的应用等方面进行了综述与探讨,并对生物黑炭的开发和利用存在的潜在问题和今后的研究热点进行了简要的展望,以期为我国发展低碳农业和循环农业提供依据和参考。     

热预处理对酸碱强化污泥发酵产酸过程的影响

污水处理厂产生的污泥是一种含有许多有机物的生物质,这些有机物主要是总糖和蛋白质。实验采用4种预处理(酸、碱、热-酸和热-碱)来提高污泥的发酵产酸,并探索热预处理对酸碱调控后的剩余污泥产酸的影响。结果表明,热-碱处理方式可大幅提高SCOD的生成,最大可以达到15 364.8 mg/L,碱处理次之,热-酸处理和酸处理的贡献较小。溶解性蛋白质和总糖的溶出也表现了类似的规律,热-碱处理后溶解性蛋白质和总糖最大可以达到3 474.9 mg/L和731.4 mg/L。对挥发酸(VFAs)的研究结果表明,酸性处理反而阻碍了其生成积累,即使辅以热预处理后,产酸量仍没有得到明显提高,最佳的产酸条件仍然是热-碱预处理,最大产酸量可以达到4 783.5 mg/L。     

辽宁省某典型500kV变电站电磁污染分布特性研究

为了了解500 kV变电站电磁污染分布特性,利用EFA-300电磁场强分析仪对变电站内500 kV配电区、220 kV配电区、变电站主要设备及变电站周边不同类型环境的工频电场强度与磁感应强度进行检测,从中找出其工频电磁场污染分布特性。共检测92个测点,结果显示电场强度、磁感应强度均在允许范围内。但是,变电站的个别设备附近电场强度接近职业标准限值,做防护措施时需重点关注。