富镉基质的部分农作物利用与选择

将粉煤灰和污泥(基质1)、粉煤灰和酒糟(基质2)均按照4:1的质量比配制,由于2种基质中重金属镉含量较高.为研究基质中可食用作物的种植.选取绿豆、大豆、马铃薯在组配基质中进行试验.结果表明,基质1在第1季不适合种植绿豆、大豆和马铃薯;绿豆在基质2中不能正常生长,大豆产量也较低,但马铃薯生长良好.同时,马铃薯食用部分中重金属镉含量不超标.保证了富镉基质中马铃薯的食品安全,而且马铃薯秸秆中镉含量也未超出一般食用蔬菜标准,不会对环境造成污染.马铃薯秸秆乍物量大,吸收镉较多,能起到植物修复作用.研究表明.基质2适宜在废弃地大面积复垦与推广应用.     

酸化油页岩灰吸附Ni(Ⅱ)的研究

采用质量分数为50%的HNO3制备酸化油页岩灰吸附剂,研究吸附时间、吸附温度、Ni(Ⅱ)初始浓度、溶液pH值、吸附剂投加量和吸附剂粒径对酸化油页岩灰吸附性能的影响.结果表明,一定范围内,酸化油页岩灰吸附剂的吸附量(Qe)随吸附温度、Ni(Ⅱ)初始浓度、溶液pH值、吸附剂投加量的增加而增加,随吸附剂粒径的增加而减小.吸附温度对吸附刺的最大吸附量Q有明显影响.当Ni(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度为100 mg/L,溶液pH值为6.0,吸附剂粒径为53～75μm,吸附剂投加量为16.0 g/L,吸附搅拌速度为400 r/min时,25℃、30℃、35℃下酸化油页岩灰的最大吸附量Q分别为17.0 mg/g、33.2mg/g、42.9mg/g,且吸附主要以离子交换的化学吸附方式为主.酸化油页岩灰吸附剂对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Languir等温吸附方程,温度为25℃、30℃、35℃,溶液pH值为6.0,油页岩灰吸附剂投加量为16.0 g/L,油页岩灰吸附剂粒径为53～75μm条件下,酸化油页岩灰对Ni(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量Q分别为17.0mg/g、33.2 mg/g、42.9 mg/g.研究表明,油页岩灰经过酸化改性后可作为吸附荆处理含Ni(Ⅱ)废水,具有较好的市场应用前景.     

Oxidative stress and DNA damages induced by cadmium accumulation

Experimental evidence shows that cadmium （Cd） could induce oxidative stress and then causes DNA damage in animal cells, however, whether such effect exists in plants is still unclear. In the present study, Vicia faba plants was exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L Cd for 4 d to investigate the distribution of Cd in plant, the metal effects on the cell lipids, antioxidative enzymes and DNA damages in leaves. Cd induced an increase in Cd concentrations in plants. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation in leaves and an enhanced concentration of H2O2 in root tissues suggested that Cd caused oxidative stress in Vicia faba. Compared with control, Cd-induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase activity was significant at 5 mg/L than at 10 mg/kg in leaves, by contrast, catalase and peroxidaseactivities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. DNA damage was detected by neutral/neutral, alkaline/neutral and alkaline/alkaline Comet assay. Increased levels of DNA damages induced by Cd occurred with reference to oxidative stress in leaves, therefore, oxidative stress induced by Cd accumulation in plants contributed to DNA damages and was possibly an important mechanism of Cd-phytotoxicity in Vicia faba plants.     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

鄱阳湖流域水化学环境参数的变化特征

分别于2010年2月和7月,对鄱阳湖湖区和入湖河流的pH、TDS以及主要离子浓度进行了测定,分析了主要离子组成的时空变化特征及其影响机制。结果表明,鄱阳湖流域水体属于弱矿化度软水,Ca2+是湖水和河水的主要阳离子,分别占阳离子总数〖JP〗的5935%、4989%;HCO-3是湖水和河水的主要阴离子,分别占阴离子总数的5337%、5937%,水质类型为Ca-HCO-3型水;主要离子组成和TDS浓度具有明显的季节和沿程变化特征,这与降雨季节性变化以及不同水系的地质背景有关;从河流水系上游至湖区的水化学特征依次为HCO-3型、HCO-3-SO2-4和SO2-4型。从水化学控制机制上看,鄱阳湖丰水期受大气降水作用和地质条件影响显著,而枯水期降雨量大大减少,主要受岩石风化、蒸发沉淀作用和人为输入的影响。除此之外,SO2-4型水的增加与长江干流酸化以及丰水期长江顶托倒灌现象有密切关系     

银川市PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征与来源分析

为明确银川市PM2.5中水溶性离子季节变化特征,于2016年秋冬季和2017年春夏季在银川市开展PM2.5样品采集,分析PM2.5中9种水溶性离子(Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4).结果表明:PM2.5中9种水溶性离子平均浓度和为(23.5±16.8)μg∕m3,占PM2...     

离子液体处理油基钻屑的研究

一步法合成一种离子液体(Ionic Liquid,IL)1-十四烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴化盐[C_(14)MIm]Br,作为萃取剂替代有机溶剂用于油基钻屑的萃取处理。考察IL种类、加量、萃取时间及pH值等对萃取效果的影响,实验结果表明,油基钻屑与萃取液质量比为1∶1、pH值大于7时,萃取在20min时可以达到平衡,油基钻屑中油去除率大于88%,IL吸附损失率小于0.9%,分离后的IL可直接重复利用7次。     

贵州省三岔河流域水化学特征及其控制因素

对乌江源区三岔河流域枯水期和丰水期河水样品离子浓度及组成特征分析表明,河水主要的阴阳离子分别是HCO_3~–和Ca~(2+),分别占到总阴离子量的55%和总阳离子量的70%,与喀斯特地区流域相似。主要离子的时空分布的对比分析表明,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、HCO_3~–、Cl~–枯水期浓度略高于丰水期,而K+、SO_4~(2–)、NO_3~–两期浓度变化相对较小;空间分布的多样化,反映了不同小流域在地质背景、生态环境、人为活动等方面的差异对河水离子的影响。通过Gibbs图分析表明,研究区河水水化学主要受到岩石风化的影响,通过阴阳离子三角图分析表明,研究区河水水化学主要受到碳酸岩盐的影响,并且硫酸广泛参与到岩石风化中,人为活动对流域水化学组成也有一定影响。     

表面活性剂对多壁碳纳米管吸附Pb~(2+)的影响

多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)在吸附有毒气体和重金属离子方面具有极高的应用价值.针对MWNT对水溶液中Pb2+的净化吸附进行了研究,从吸附量,吸附速率、动力学角度考察了表面活性剂、Pb2+浓度对MWNT吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明,司班-60、吐温-20、阿拉伯树胶等表面活性剂的加入,促进了MWNT在溶液中的分散,导致在Pb2+摩尔浓度为3～18 mmol/L的Lang-muir和Freundlich等温吸附方程中的吸附常数(K)变大,使得MWNT对Pb2+的吸附速率和平衡吸附量都得到提高;随着溶液中Pb2+浓度的增大,MWNT对其吸附量渐至饱和,随后由于Pb2+的位阻作用.吸附量下降;在这3种表面活性剂中,由于司班-60具有相对较小的分子量,其分散的MWNT在Pb2+摩尔浓度为14 mmol/L时,吸附量最大,为230 mg/g.