水环境中镉污染处理的研究进展

镉是一种有毒的金属元素,在自然界中主要成硫镉矿而存在,由于它的难降解性,低毒性,高稳定性,以及可蓄积性,水中镉的含量与日俱增,对人类的健康造成很大的危害,目前监测水样中镉的主要方法是原子吸收法和原子荧光法。本文介绍了近年来备受关注的植物修复技术,生物去除技术,吸附法,膜分离法等物理处理技术,化学沉淀法、铁氧化沉淀法、离子交换法等化学处理技术对水中镉的去除,并对今后治理镉污染提出了建议。     

除镉最佳混凝剂的筛选及应用条件研究

通过采用聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）、氯化铁（FeCl3）及聚合硫酸铁（PFS）对含镉废水的处理研究表明,三种混凝剂对含镉水体均有良好的处理效果,同等条件下,三种混凝剂对含镉水体去除率分别为98.22%、92.19%和93.63%。研究了PAFC对含镉水体的混凝沉淀效果,实验结果表明：碱性条件有利于镉离子的沉淀,当pH为9～11时,去除率可达98.00%左右;对于初始浓度为4.000 0 mg.L-1的含镉废水,经处理后,水体浓度可降至0.184 0 mg.L-1,对于初始浓度为0.400 0 mg.L-1的含镉废水,经处理后水体浓度降至0.007 2 mg.L-1;废水中投加一定量的石灰乳对PAFC除镉起一定的作用,投加量达30.00 mg.L-1时,其去除率达99.91%;通过对PAFC除镉动力学拟合,符合一级线性动力学方程。     

贵阳市表层土壤中镉的环境地球化学基线研究

以土壤环境地球化学研究为主线,以贵州省贵阳市8　046　km²为研究区域,将土壤重金属污染元素镉的空间分布规律与环境地球化学机理研究相结合,建立区域土壤环境地球化学基线,选用合适的判别指标判识自然作用过程与人类活动过程对土壤环境的影响.通过对487个样品的镉含量的统计分析,结果表明,贵阳市表层土壤中镉的基线值为0.068　mg/kg,镉元素含量大于1.010　mg/kg的样品可能遭受人为污染的影响.地质累积指数分析结果显示,贵阳市40%的表层土壤未受镉污染,19%的表层土壤在无污染与中度污染之间,14%受中度污染,19%的表层土壤介于中度污染到强污染之间,7%受强污染,1%的表层土壤介于强污染到极强污染之间.污染程度指数分析则显示,贵阳市57.9%的表层土壤未受到镉污染,镉的污染程度最大为12.1,96%的表层土壤污染程度小于4,总污染程度大于0,即总体受到污染.     

Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

城市工业区环境系统中的Cd污染循环及其健康风险——以杭州市半山工业区为例

为揭示重金属元素Cd在城市环境系统多种介质中的迁移途径及其潜在危害性,系统分析了杭州市半山工业区主要环境介质（土壤-尘埃-水-底泥-生物）样品中Cd的指标含量,并用连续提取法分析了土壤、尘埃、底泥中Cd的化学形态特征.结果表明,Cd的迁移途径主要有两种,一是以尘埃为媒介在地表环境中迁移,二是通过水介质进入水体环境（水和...     

Evaluation of adsorption capacities of humic acids extracted from Algerian soil on polyaniline for application to remove pollutants such as Cd(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) and characterization with cavity microelectrode

The adsorption capacities of new humic acids isolated from Yakouren forest (YHA) and Sahara (Tamenrasset: THA) soils (Algeria) and commercial humic acid (PFHA) on polyaniline emeraldine base (PEB) were studied at pH 6.6. Also the adsorption of heavy metals such as Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on humic acid-polyaniline systems (HA-PEB) was investigated at the same conditions. HA-PEB compounds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrometry and cavity microelectrode. In addition, batch adsorption and cavity microelectrode were used in the adsorption study of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on HA-PEB. To develop biocaptors of polluting metals using a cavity microelectrode modified by HA-PEB systems, the adsorption kinetic and adsorption capacity were investigated. The SEM analysis showed that the presence of humic acid affected the PEB surface and caused the formation of a granular morphology. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of PFHA, THA and YHA determined by adsorption isotherms were 91.31, 132.1 and 151.0 mg/g, respectively. Batch adsorption results showed that qmax of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on HA-PEB followed the order: THA-PEB > YHA-PEB > PFHA-PEB. The voltammograms obtained with HA-PEB modified cavity microelectrode showed the appearance of new redox couples reflecting the adsorption of HA on PEB. Metal-humic acid-polyaniline voltammograms were characterized by appearance of oxidation-reduction couples or reduction wave corresponding to metal. Finally, the result may be exploited to develop a biocaptor based on the cavity microelectrode amended by THA-PEB and YHA-PEB.     

产表面活性剂根际菌协同龙葵修复镉污染土壤

从某矿区重金属污染的土壤中分离筛选出一株能产生物表面活性剂的根际细菌LKS06,经生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,将其鉴定为假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas sp.LKS06).生物学特性的测定表明,菌株LKS06对多种重金属有很高的耐受性,且具有分泌吲哚乙酸、产铁载体和ACC脱氨酶活性的能力,并对土壤重金属...     

脱水污泥中聚合物的碱提取及其镉吸附效能研究

市政污水处理厂产生的脱水剩余污泥中含有大量的细菌胞外聚合物、胞内聚合物等大分子有机物,是一种良好的生物吸附剂制备原料。以脱水污泥为原料,采用碱提取的方法,对污泥中胞外聚合物与胞内聚合物进行提取,提取得到聚合物吸附剂,分析了聚合物吸附剂中聚合物浓度、核酸浓度随提取剂中NaOH浓度的变化,考察了聚合物吸附剂对水中镉的等温吸附性能。研究结果表明,当NaOH浓度小于0.5 mol/L时,随着提取剂NaOH浓度的升高,得到的提取液中聚合物浓度、核酸浓度逐渐升高。最佳的提取剂中NaOH浓度为0.3 mol/L,该条件下能够充分实现污泥中聚合物的提取。当NaOH浓度高于0.5 mol/L,聚合物中核酸存在一定程度的分解。聚合物吸附剂对水中Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir模型,NaOH浓度为0.3 mol/L条件下提取得到的聚合物吸附剂的镉饱和吸附容量最大,达1.022 mmol/g。     

碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的吸附效能研究

城市市政污水处理厂产生的剩余污泥是一种良好的重金属生物吸附剂制备原料。以北京某市政污水处理厂产生的脱水剩余污泥为原料,采用碱改性处理方法,制备得到碱改性脱水污泥生物吸附剂,通过其对水中镉的等温吸附实验,考察其重金属吸附效能。研究结果表明:碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。碱改性处理后,脱水污泥对水中镉的最大饱和吸附容量提高了2.8倍,达0.966 mmol/g,显著高于同类型脱水污泥生物吸附剂。碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的最大饱和吸附容量与改性过程中所使用的Na OH浓度之间的线性相关性较差,呈现一定的波动变化趋势。     

茅尾海沉积物重金属空间分布特征与生态风险

于2010年1月在茅尾海采集了7个沉积物样品,分析了不同深度沉积物的基本理化性质及w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Cu)、w(Fe)、w(Hg)、w(Mn)、w(Ni)、w(Pb)和w(Zn),并采用潜在生态危害指数法进行了潜在生态风险分析.结果表明:这些元素的质量分数空间分布差异显著,总体上呈湾内大于湾外,其中w(Cd)和w(Hg)平均值分别为1.1、0.3 mg/kg,污染最为严重并有加重的趋势;Cd污染可能与周边农田磷肥使用及磷矿开采有关,而Hg污染可能主要是大量使用化石燃料所致.重金属(除As外)质量分数与w(OM)、w(Fe)和w(TN)密切相关,其中w(Cd)与w(TP)密切相关,说明生物和化学过程都显著影响这些元素的空间分布.w(Cu)、w(Hg)、w(Ni)、w(Pb)和w(Zn)之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),说明这几种重金属可能具有同源性;而沉积物中w(Cd)与w(Zn)、w(Pb)、w(Ni)和w(Cu)均呈显著负相关(P0.05),暗示Cd的来源及生物地球化学过程与其他元素不同.该海域重金属潜在生态危害指数依次为CdHgPbZnCuAs,其中Cd与Hg属于中等生态危害;靠近茅岭江汇入区的采样点重金属潜在生态危害指数较高,属于中等生态危害,其余采样点的综合污染也已接近中等生态危害水平.