利用PCR-DGGE研究膜生物反应器中微生物的群落结构

使用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCR-DGGE)考查了天津某再生水处理厂膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,简称MBR)培养驯化直至正常运行全过程中总细菌群落结构的演替情况.结果表明,在MBR环境中,接种的传统活性污泥中的微生物群落在几天内发生了较大的变化,在进污水驯化时,微生物群落也遭受了冲击,最后经过培养驯化趋于稳定,一些菌种逐渐成长为顶级优势微生物,在反应器内占据主导地位.最终该反应器逐渐形成了自己独有的微生物群落生态系统.另外,对该微生物群落的部分优势总细菌进行了克隆测序和系统发育树分析,通过鉴定获得的10条总细菌的16S rDNA序列,它们分别与气单胞菌属、假单胞菌、亚硝酸菌属、丛毛单胞菌属和杆菌的同源性在97%以上,这些优势微生物在MBR反应器去除有机物的过程中起到了关键的作用.     

复杂水环境模拟研究与发展趋势

从水质变化过程、水体空间维度和边界条件三个方面简要回顾了水环境模拟的研究与发展进程。介绍了目前国内外广泛应用的综合性水质模型软件：QUAL2E/2K、CE-QUAL-RIV1、MIKE11、CE-QUAL-W2、MIKE21、Delft3D、WASP、EFDC、BASINS、WARMF、SMS的特点和适用范围,重点讨论了EFDC和WASP集成应用于复杂水环境模拟的优势。对复杂水环境模拟的发展趋势进行了展望。     

溶藻放线菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻特性

从水华发生水塘的泥土中分离到一株溶藻放线菌L74,对该菌溶解铜绿微囊藻、鱼腥藻、颤藻、水华束丝藻的效果及溶藻方式进行了研究,利用16SrDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定。结果表明,该菌不仅对铜绿微囊藻具有良好的溶藻效果,而且对鱼腥藻、颤藻、水华束丝藻也有良好的去除作用。对铜绿微囊藻的效解作用依赖于初始菌浓度,当初始藻液中菌浓度>1×104cfu/mL时,可产生明显的溶藻作用,6d后对铜绿微囊藻的去除率达82.6%。通过溶藻方式的研究发现,该菌菌体和胞外代谢产物都具有溶藻作用,且这种胞外代谢产物对温度敏感,当温度达到110℃时会使该溶藻物质失去活性。16SrDNA序列分析表明L74菌与多株弗氏链霉菌的16SrDNA核苷酸序列的同源性达到了100%,归属于弗氏链霉菌。     

基于3S技术的河流水污染监测信息系统的构建

分析了河流水污染的特点及其影响,简要介绍了3S技术的概念及其应用,在此基础上,构建了一个基于3S技术的河流水污染监测信息系统的总体框架,并对其中的关键技术进行了说明,以期有利于我国河流水污染防治和控制技术与手段的发展。     

大型沼气工程中生物脱硫技术

随着我国对可再生能源的开发和利用的不断深入发展,利用畜禽粪便厌氧发酵产沼气是一种非常有前景的能源利用途径,但所产生的沼气中都含有H2S气体,由于它是一种腐蚀性很强的化合物,所以沼气脱硫是沼气利用的关键环节。本文以某工程调试与运行实例分析了大型沼气工程中的生物脱硫技术,以为同类型工程提供参考。     

Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution using carbonaceous K2S-impregnated adsorbent

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metal removal was prepared from raw coal by one-step simple sulfur impregnation using K2S. Raw coal was mixed with K2S powder and then heated at 800°C for 30 min in nitrogen to produce K2S char. The sulfur content and form in K2S char were determined, and the ability of K2S char to adsorb Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ was examined. The K2S impregnation was e ective at impregnating sulfur into coal, especially in the form of elemental, thiophenic and sulfatic sulfur. The sulfur content of K2S char was higher than those of raw coal and pyrolysis char. The Zn2+ removal in 2.4 mmol/L of Zn2+ solution by K2S char was higher than raw coal with the removal rate of 100%. K2S char adsorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ in 24 mmol/L of Pb2+ and Cd2+ solution with the removal rate of 97% and 35%, respectively. The elution extents of adsorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ were zero in distilled water and 27% in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. These results indicated that an e ective adsorbent for heavy metal ions was prepared from coal using K2S sulfur impregnation, and that the adsorbed metals were strongly retained in K2S char.     

泥水预分离MBR膜污染缓减效能研究

通过长期运行实验,进行了泥水预分离膜生物反应器（sludge/water pre-separation membrane bioreactor, S/W-MBR）与传统淹没式膜生物反应器（submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR）对比研究,考察了污泥浓度、胞外聚合物含量（extracellular polymeric substances, EPS）及过膜阻力（trans-membrane pressure, TMP）随运行时间的变化规律及其对膜污染的缓减作用.结果表明,S/W-MBR与SMBR生物区的污泥浓度基本一致,而S/W-MBR膜区的污泥浓度较SMBR有显著降低.两者生物区的EPS含量均随运行时间的延长而增加,而S/W-MBR膜区的单位质量污泥的EPS含量始终保持在15 mg/g左右的较低水平.S/W-MBR比SMBR具有更好的缓减膜污染能力,在近90d的连续运行过程中,前者的膜组件仅需清洗2次,后者的膜组件清洗了5次.     

利用3S技术评价凌河口湿地生态环境质量

基于3S技术,利用中巴地球资源卫星解译数据,于2008年秋季对辽宁省锦州市凌河口湿地自然保护区的土地利用／土地覆盖现状进行野外核查,并结合对湿地进行的鸟类、鱼类、植被状况、空气、水体、土壤状况等调查,采用多样性、代表性、稀有性、自然性、稳定性和人类威胁等6项指标组成的湿地生态环境评价指标体系,对凌河口湿地生态环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,凌河口湿地生态环境处于较好水平。     

Climate and Land Use Effects on Hydrologic Processes in a Primarily Rain‐Fed,Agricultural Watershed

Anticipating changes in hydrologic variables is essential for making socioeconomic water resource decisions. This study aims to assess the potential impact of land use and climate change on the hydrologic processes of a primarily rain‐fed, agriculturally based watershed in Missouri. A detailed evaluation was performed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for the near future (2020–2039) and mid‐century (2040–2059). Land use scenarios were mapped using the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects model. Ensemble results, based on 19 climate models, indicated a temperature increase of about 1.0°C in near future and 2.0°C in mid‐century. Combined climate and land use change scenarios showed distinct annual and seasonal hydrologic variations. Annual precipitation was projected to increase from 6% to 7%, which resulted in 14% more spring days with soil water content equal to or exceeding field capacity in mid‐century. However, summer precipitation was projected to decrease, a critical factor for crop growth. Higher temperatures led to increased potential evapotranspiration during the growing season. Combined with changes in precipitation patterns, this resulted in an increased need for irrigation by 38 mm representing a 10% increase in total irrigation water use. Analysis from multiple land use scenarios indicated converting agriculture to forest land can potentially mitigate the effects of climate change on streamflow, thus ensuring future water availability.     

基于Miseq测序与碳平衡的生物滴滤床降解甲苯研究

在甲苯进气浓度为1 640 mg/m3,进气负荷为198.11 g/(m3·h),系统停留时间(EBRT)为30 s的条件下,生物滴滤床对甲苯的去除率达到84%,去除负荷为166.41 g/(m3·h)。碳平衡计算表明:22.27%的输入碳源为微生物所同化,59.52%的碳以CO2形式排出,仅有2.46%的碳溶于营养液中。在出口气体中,以CO2形式存在的碳占79.08%,其余则以甲苯形式存在。经Miseq-16S rRNA测序平台分析可知,该生物反应器中的优势菌属为假单胞菌、丛毛单胞菌和红球菌属,优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门。其中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门在反应器中所占比例在经过驯化之后显示出相反的变化趋势。